Buddhist TV

Buddhist TV
බෞද්ධකම අගයන රටක් වෙනුවෙන් බෞද්ධයා නාලිකාව

Saturday, August 13, 2011


මෙම නව වෙබ් අඩවියෙහි ඉදිරි දියුණුව සඳහා ඔබේ නව අදහස්, යෝජනා, හා චෝදනා වෙතොත් ඒවා අප වෙත එවන්න.
ඔබ සතුව වටිනා අධ්‍යාපනික හෝ ගවේෂණාත්මක ලිපි ද වෙතොත් ඒවාද අප වෙත එවන්න.
ස්කෑන් කර ලබා ගත් ප්‍රශ්න පත්‍ර, ලිපි, සඟරා, අධ්‍යාපනික සටහන් ආදී ඕනෑම දෙයක් අප වෙත එවන්න.

කරුණාකර ඒවා අප වෙත එවීම සඳහා අපගේ විද්‍යුත් ලිපිනය භාවිතා කරන්න.
අපට ඒවා බාගත කරගැනීම සඳහා ඔබ සතුව Links තිබේනම් ඒවාද අප වෙත එවන්න.





අපගේ විද්‍යුත් ලිපිනය: sanfadilan@gmail.com



සිංහල අපිට අපේම භාෂාවෙන් ඉගෙන ගන්න හරිහමන් සයිට් එකක් නැති නිසා මම හිතුව අපේ අයට ආසවෙන් ඉගෙන ගන්න හොඳ වෙබ් සයිට් එකක් නිර්මාණය කරන්න ඕනි කියල. 
එහෙමනම් ඔය ගොල්ලො හැමෝවම මන් බොහොම ආදරයෙන් මගේ බ්ලොග් එකට පිලිගන්නව 
" ආයුබෝවන් " කියල.

අපිට ඉගෙන ගන්න මේලෝකයේ ගොඩක් දේවල් ඉතුරු වෙලා තියෙනව. අනවශ්‍ය දේවල් වෙනුවෙන් කරන කැප කිරීම අපිට හොඳ දෙයක් වෙනුවෙන් යොදවන්න පුලුවන් නම් ඒක කොච්චර වටිනවද..?

මං ඔබෙන් බොහොම ආදරයෙන් ඉල්ලන්න කැමතියි යම් දෙයක්. 

"මැරෙන්නෙ කවද වුනත්....., මැරෙන්න කලින්.....  වැදූ මවටත්, පෝෂණය කල පියාටත්, හැදුනු රටටත්, අදහන ආගමටත් ණය නැති දරුවන් වෙන්න. රටට ලෝකයට බරක් නැති දරුවන් වෙන්න."

ලෝකයේ කොහේ ගියත් සිංහල කම රකින්න හොඳ දේ කරල.
Mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

මනස ගැන යමක් ඉගෙනගන්න

mns h` sAkl~p nQvn sAkl~pyk~
@n` @vyQ. anQw&, qEk~K, an`w~m q sAkl~p @n` @vyQ. eb#vQn~ nQvn~ av@b`~{y mnsQn~ kL h#k~kk~ @n` @vyQ. mnsQn~ @w`r v av@b`~{yk~ l#bWmt nm| mns ynR@vn~ @qyk~ n#wQ bv @w~r#m|gw yRwO y. e~ @wr#m|gw h#k~@k~ @k@s~ q?
@vns~vWm yn sAkl~py x`rwWy @@vqQk qr~Xnvl ar~} qk~vnR l#bR@y~ ym| @qyk~ prm`r~} vX@yn~ pvw~v`@gn yn awr eyt sm|bn~{ ym| ym| gONvl @vns~vWmk~ @ls y. jWv`w~my @h`~ {r~m`w~my @h`~ @vns~ @n`vn~nk~ vQy. e@hw~ e~ vt` b#[ENR sQr#r v#nQ q# qQr` y$mt lk~ vQNQ. x`rwWy @@vqQkyn~t @vns~vWm pQtRps ev#nQ @vns~ @n` vn jWv`w~myk~ @h`~ {r~m`w~myk~ @h`~ avX& vQy. e@hw~ @b_q~{ynt @m| @vns~ vWmt @qn lq ar~}k}ny pYX~nyk~ vR@y~ in~ prm`r~}yk~ vR a`w~myk p#v#w~mk~ g#n kQyvRNR b#vQn~ y.
prm`r~}yk~ vR a`w~myk~ h` b#[ENR @m| @vns~vWm pQLQb[ ar~}k}ny @vnskt x`jny vR@y~ anRr`{pRr sm@y~ lAk`@v| mh` vQh`r@y~ v#d vQsR xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~ awQn~ y#yQ mh`c`r~y vyQ. kr#N`q`s mhw` pvs` a#w. mh` vQh`rQk xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~ @vns~vWm yn~n ar~} q$k~vR@y~ ekk @vns~vWmk~ @ls @n`v a#wQ @vmQn~ n#wQ @vn pYv`hyk~ (pq~{wQyk~) @ls y. @mhQ qW uq`hrNyk~ @ls vQqElQ bRbRU v#lk~ gw h#kQ y. e~ v#@lhQ s$m vQqElQ bRbRLk~ m ym| k`l`vr~wyk qW q$l~vW nQvW yn~@n~ y#yQ sQwmR. e~ e~ vQqElQ bRbRU v#@lhQ e~ e~ w#n~vl pQhQt` a#w. @m| vQqElQ bl~b q$l~vW nQvW y$m a$wQn~ sQt bln aykOt @p@nn~@n~ vQqElQ {`r`vk~ v#@lhQ ek~ @k`nk sQt a@nk~ @k`nt gmn~ krn bv y. vQqElQ {`r`v gmn~ kQrm ynR pQhQtWm @vns~ vWmkQ. @mhQ @vns~ vWm yn~n ymk @vns~ vWmk~ @n` @vyQ. e~ e~ w#n pQhQtQ vQqElQ bl~b q$l~vW nQ@vyQ. ey @vns~ vWmk~ @ls nQrQk;ky` vQsQn~ gnR l#@byQ.
@m| s`q^X& ewrm| @y`~g& @n` vn nmRw~ apt kWmt avX& @q~ in~ p#h#qQlQ @vyQ. vQqElQ bl~by pvwQn~@n~ q a`qW pYX~n r`XQyk~ ymkOt a#sQy h#kQ nmRw~ ev#n~nkO s`q^X& yn~@nn~ aqhs~ krn~@n~ kOmk~ q$yQ @n`qn~n` bv p#h#qQlQ y. apt avX& vn~@n~ @vns~vWmk~ mQs @vns~ vn~nk~ n#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ kQrm pmNkQ. anRr`{pRr yRg@yhQ lAk`@vhQ v#d vQsR @}rv`qW xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~t @vns~vWm pQLQb[ nv q$nRmk~ nQr~m`Ny kQr@m| h#kQy`v wQbR bv ap amwk @n` kL yRwO y. @mhQ qW av{`rNy kL yRwO wvw~ kr#Nk~ @vyQ. @vns~ vn~@n~ n#w. @vns~vWmk~ a#w yn~n vRv q prm`r~} @ls @n`gw yRwO y. @vns~ vWm vRv q ap vQsQn~ nQr~m`Ny krgn~n` lq q$nRmk~ @vyQ.
ap vQsQn~ mns h` cQw~w pQLQb[ q$nRm nQr~m`Ny krnR l#bR@y~ @pr v#d vQsR mh`vQh`rQk xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~ @g~ @vns~vWm pQLQb[ ar~}k}ny @y`q` gnQmQn~ y. ap pYv`q nQr~m`Ny kQr@m| qW a@p~ sAs~k^wQ@yhQ a#wQ q$nRm @y`q`gn~@n~ @k@s~ q yn~n emMQn~ p#h#qQlQQ vn~@n~ y#yQ sQwmQ. e~ awr ap vQsQn~ nQr~m`N`w~mk s`@p~k;w`v`qy q @y`q` gnR l#@byQ. @vns~ vn~n pmNk~ @n`v @vns~ vn~n q a@p~ nQr~m`Nyk~ @ls apQ slkmR. e@s~ nm| ap vQsQn~ nQr~m`Ny @n`@k@rn ymk~ @l`~k@y~ n#w~ q yn pYX~ny @vyQ.
e~ pYX~nyt pQLQwOr n#w yn~n y. @l`~ky ynR ap vQsQn~ nQr~m`Ny @k@rn q$nRm mQs a@nkk~ @n` @vyQ. ap q$nRm nQr~m`Ny krn~@n~ kOmkQn~ q? eyt qQy h#kQ pQLQwOr XOn&@yn~ yn~n y. in~ aqhs~ vn~@n~ ap q$nRm nQr~m`Ny kQrmt @pr @l`~kyk~ @n`m#wQ bv y. @vnw~ vcnvlQn~ kQyn~@n~ nm| ap q$nRm nQr~m`Ny kQrmt @pr sAkl~p vX@yn~ kQsQvk~ n#w. sQylR sAkl~p a@p~ nQr~m`N vn vQt sAkl~p nQr~m`Ny kWmt @pr sAkl~p vX@yn~ kQsQvk~ n#w#yQ kWm vrqk~ @n` @vyQ. sAkl~pWy @n` vn kQsQvk~ p#vwQy h#kQ q ynR@vn~ q$n~ @vnw~ pYX~nyk~ a#sQy h#kQ y.
e~ pYX~nyt pQLQwOr sAkl~pWy @n` vn @qyk~ wQ@b| q n#w~ q yn~n @h`[ pYX~nyk~ @n` vn bv y. sAkl~pWy @n` vn @qyk~ wQ@bn bv q$ngn~@n~ @k@s~ q? e~ q$ngw h#k~@k~ sAkl~pWy v y. e@ls sAkl~pWy v q$ngw h#kQ sAkl~pWy @n` vn ymk~ a#wQ bv apt kQv h#kQ @n` @vyQ. avX& m nm| apt kQv h#k~@k~ ap anQw&, qEk~K, an`w~m anv@b`~{y @h~wO@vn~ sAkl~p h` @vnw~ q$nRm| nQr~m`Ny krn bv y. @mhQ qW p#h#qQlQQ krgw yRwO kr#N nm| anQw&, qEk~K, an`w~m ynR sAkl~p @n` vn bv y. anQw&, qEk~K, an`w~m av@b`~{ kr g#nW@mhQ l` a#wQ pY{`n b`{ky q e~ sAkl~p @n` vWm y. ap mnsQn~ av@b`~{ krgn~@n~ sAkl~pWy vR q$nRmkQ. mnst kL h#k~@k~ q e@ls sAkl~pWy q$nRm nQr~m`Ny kQrm pmNkQ.
sAkl~pWy @n` vn q$nRmk~ mnsQn~ av@b`~{ kr g#nWmt @n`h#kQ y. sAkl~pWy @n` vn yn~@nn~ vcn@yn~ pYk`X kL @n`h#kQ yn~n gm& @n`vn bv amwk @n` kL yRwO y. vcn@yn~ pYk`X @n` krn nmRw~ cQw~w r$p @ls sQ@wn~ mv`gw h#kQ sAkl~p r`XQyk~ a#wQ bvw~ vcn i@gnWmt @pr kOd` LmyQn~ @g~ sAkl~p sQyl~l ev#nQ cQw~w r$p bvw~ @w~r#m|gw yRwO v a#w. mnst sAkl~pvlQn~ @w`r v lb`gw h#kQ kQsQvk~ n#w. mnsQn~ gn~n` s$m @qyk~ m sAkl~pWy @vyQ.
apt nQvn~ av@b`~{y @mwrm| m g#tlEvk~ vW a#w~@w~ @m| kr#N @h~wO @k`t @gn y. nQvn sAkl~pyk~ @n` @vyQ. anQw&, qEk~K, an`w~m q sAkl~p @n` @vyQ. eb#vQn~ nQvn~ av@b`~{y mnsQn~ kL h#k~kk~ @n` @vyQ. mnsQn~ @w`r v av@b`~{yk~ l#bWmt nm| mns ynR@vn~ @qyk~ n#wQ bv @w~r#m|gw yRwO y. e~ @wr#m|gw h#k~@k~ @k@s~ q? p#h#qQlQ vm ey mnsQn~ @n`@k@rn~nk~ vQy yRwO y. nQvn~ av@b`~{y sQqE vn~@n~ n#wQ mns n#wQ mnsk~ bv n#wQ mnsQn~ av@b`~{ krgw~ vQt y#yQ sQwmQ.
ey kWm phsR vRvw~ kQrQm aphsR y. bRqEn~ vhn~@s~ wN~h`v n#wQ kQrmt up@qs~ qW a#w~@w~ ey vd` phsR nQs` y#yQ sQwQy h#kQ y. in~ aqhs~ vn~@n~ wN~h`v n#wQ kQrm phsR @qyk~ yn~n @n` @vyQ. apt @n`@ykOw~ a`k`r@y~ wN~h` a#w. e~ sQyl~l n#wQ kQrm iw` am`r# y. e@hw~ ey @n`kL h#k~@k~ @n` @vyQ. wN~h`v n#wQ kQr@m| qW wmn~ @k@rhQ a#wQ a#l~m, b#[Wm, enm| a#lW sQtQm a`qQy n#wQ @vyQ. wmn~ @n`q$nRvw~ m evQt wmn~ q n#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ vWmt ptn~ gnQyQ. e~ @n`q$nRvw~ m q$ngn~@n~ y yn~n v#qgw~ @vyQ. @n`q$nRvw~ m q$ng#nWm mnst kL h#k~@k~ @n` @vyQ.
mmw~vy, mm`yny, @k@mn~ adR @v| nm| n#wQ mns g#n q av@b`~{yk~ @n`q$nRvw~ m a#wQ vn~@n~ y#yQ sQwQy h#kQ y. wmn~ ynR@vn~ kQsQvkO n#wQ bv @w~r#m| gw~ vQt kQsQvk a#lWmk~ wQbQy h#kQ @n` @vyQ. ehQ vQ@l`~my q apt pYk`X kL h#kQ y. kQsQvk a#lWmk~ n#wQ vQt wmn~ ynR@vn~ kQsQvkO n#w#yQ av@b`~{ @vyQ. e@hw~ e~ av@b`~{y mnsQn~ lbn~nk~ vQy @n`h#k~@k~ mnsk~ a#w#yQ gw~ vQt, wmn~ ynR@vn~ kQsQvkO a#w#yQ gm& vn b#vQn~ y. mm yn sAkl~py h` mns yn~n ekQ@nk smM b#[W a#w. a@nk~ sQylE sAkl~pvlt mRl mns h` mm y. n#wQ mnsk~ a#w#yQ ynR@vn~ g#nW@mn~ ap p#tlW a#w~@w~ sAs`r ckY@yhQ y.
ap sAkl~p h` q$nRm nQr~m`Ny krn~@n~ pLmR@vn~ m mns nQr~m`Ny kr@gn a#wQ b#vQn~ y. sAkl~pvlQn~ @w`r vR@y~ XOn& y. XOn&y q sAkl~pWy v @w~r#m| gw h#k~@k~ @n` @vyQ. @qv#nQ sQyv@shQ pmN v#d sQtQ y#yQ kQyn, mh`y`n bRqE sm@yhQ a`rm|xky` @ls s#l@kn n`gr~jRn s~v`mQp`qyn~ vhn~@s~ XOn&y q a#wQ sAkl~pyk~ bvt pw~ kL h. un~ vhn~@s~ ey XOn&w`v @ls h#[Qn~vR h. @m| un~vhn~@s~ awQn~ sQqE vR vrqk~ @ls s#lkWm nQv#rFqQ @vyQ.
a#w#mRn~t anRv n`gr~jRnp`qyn~ mh`y`nQkykO @ls h#[Qn~vWm v#rFqQ y. ovRn~ kQyn~@n~ un~ vhn~@s~ @qsR kr#NR mRlQk bRqE smyt pth#nQ @n` vn bv y. e@hw~ e~ pQLQgw h#k~@k~ @n` @vyQ. un~ vhn~@s~ @qsR qhm h` @}rv`qy awr mRlQk @vns~km| a#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ y. @}rv`q@yhQ XOn&y g#n kQy#@vyQ. ehQ g#tlEvk~ n#w. e@hw~ @}rv`q@yhQ XOn&w`vk~ g#n kQy#@vn~@n~ y#yQ @n`sQwmQ. @}rv`q@yhQ XSn&y g#n kQy#@vn~@n~ n#wQ yn ar~}@yn~ y. XOn& yn~n vcnyk~ vRv q sAkl~pyk~ @n` @vyQ. e~ anQw&, qEk~K, an`w~m @mn~ y. e@hw~ XOn&w`v yn sAkl~p@yn~ n`gr~jRnp`q@y`~ XOn& yn~n a#wQ @qyk~ bvt pw~ krwQ. g#tlEv a#w~@w~ ehQ y. an`w~m yn~n an`w~mw`v @ls @gn a#wQ @qyk~ bvt pw~ kL @h`w~ ev#nQ m vR vrqk~ sQqE @vyQ. e@hw~ a`w~myk~ n#w#yQ kWmt apt in~ b`{`vk~ @n` @vyQ.
XOn&w`v a#wQ @qyk~ @ls g#nWmw~ smM n`gr~jRnp`qyn~t ey nQvnt vd` "uss~" w#nk w#bWmt sQqE vQy. XOn&w`v q sAkl~pyk~ b#vQn~ q$n~ nQvn q sAkl~pyk~ bvt pw~ vQy. n`gr~jRnp`q@y`~ nQvn sAkl~pyk~ @ls pmNk~ @n`v un~vhn~@s~ @g~ s`@p~k;w` {r~myt anRv ssrt pYwQpk~; vR sAkl~pyk~ @ls q gw~ h. un~vhn~@s~ @g~ s`@p~k;w` {r~my ayQn~s~tyQn~ vQq~vw` @g~ s`@p~k;w`v`qyt kQsQ@s~w~ m sm`n @n` @vyQ. @mrt a#w#m| pVQvr#n~ e~ @qk sAsn~qny kQrm vQhQUvkt vd` @qyk~ @n` @vyQ. ayQn~s~tyQn~ pVQvry` @g~ s`@p~k;w`v`qy vQvQ{ nQrQk;kyn~ @l`~ky mnQn~@n~ @k@s~ q$yQ kWm s[h`w~ ovRn~ @g~ vQvQ{ vR m#nWm| awr pvw~n` sm|bn~{yn~ @hLQqrv| kQrm s[h`w~ vR pYv`qykQ. e@hw~ n`gr~jRnp`qyn~ @g~ s`@p~k;w`v ek m nQrQk;k@ykO sm|bn~{@yn~ vQy.
un~vhn~@s~ @g~ s`@p~k;w`v s#s[Qy h#k~@k~ bthQr v`g~ vQq&`Z@ykO vR @s`s&Rr~ @g~ vcn pQLQb[ vR s`@p~k;w`v smM y. n`gr~jRnp`qyn~ kr a#w~@w~ ym| vcnykt (sAkl~pykt) ar~}yk~ l#@bn~@n~ ehQ vQr#q~{`r~}y smM s#s[W@mn~ bv @pn~vWm y. @s`s&Rr~ pdQvry` krn~@n~ q ey m y. a[Er yn~nt @w~r#mk~ l#@bn~@n~ e~ eLQy smM sAsn~qny kQr@mn~ y. eLQy yn~n @n`m#wQ v a[Er yn~nt @w~r#mk~ n#w. @mhQ qW a[Er h` eLQy ss[n~@n~ ek m nQrQk;k@ykQ. e@hw~ ayQn~s~tyQnWy pYv`q@yhQ ptn~ g#nW@mhQ qW m nQrQk;k@y`~ @q@q@nk~ @vwQ. n`gr~jRnp`qyn~t anRv o|n$ m aykO gw~ kl nQvnt ar~}yk~ l#@bn~@n~ ssrt s`@p~k;v y. nQvn, ss@rhQ vQr#q~{`r~}y @vyQ. e@hw~ @mhQ qW iw` v#qgw~ pYX~nyk~ a#sWmt sQqE @vyQ. a[Er, eLQy smM sAsn~qny kQr@m| vrqk~ n#w. e~ @qk m sAkl~p @vyQ. e@hw~ nQvn, ssrt s`@p~k; v gw h#kQ q? ssr ynR sAkl~pykQ. e@hw~ nQvn sAkl~pyk~ q?
mh`c`r~y nlQn~ q sQl~v`


Mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

Friday, August 12, 2011

මනෝකාය සුදු රුධිරාණුව සහ යථාර්ථය

m@n`~k`y, sRqE r#{Qr`NRv sh y}`r~}y
(2005·11·30 qQn sRqE r#{Qr`NR@v| awOr#qn~ vWm h` m@n`~k`@yhQQ j`nmy p#v#w~m" m#@yn~ @@vq& @q~vQk` pQYy`nQ @mnvQy lQy` wQbR lQpQyt pQLQwOrkQ)
vQ{ pRq~glyn~ vQsQn~ m@n`~ky vQvQ{ @ls ar~} qk~v` wQbWm mhw~ g#tlRvkQ. @k@s~ nmRw~ m` vQr#q~{ vn~@n~ kr~my h` pRnr~xvyt @h~wO vn @@slWy s#k#s~mk~ a#wQ e~kkyk~ @ls m@n`~k`y h#[Qn~vWmt bv av{`rNy krmQ. @q~vQk` pQYy`nQ al~vQs~ @@vq&wOmQy @g~ lQpQ@y~ pqnm @ls hRv` qk~vn sRqE r#{Qr`NR@v| awOr#qhn~ vWm m kQsQqE pqnmk~ n#wQ pYk`XykQ. sRqE r#{Qr`NR awOr#qn~ vn~@n~ @k@s~ q yn p#nyt qQy h#kQ ek m bRq~{Qmw~ pQLQwOr nm| sRqE r#{Qr`NR kQsQ k@lkw~~ awOr#qn~ @n`vn bvw~, ym| ym| ww~w~v yt@w~ em @@sl bQ[v#tW@m| pYvNw`vk~ wQbQy h#kQ bvw~ pmNQ.
@@vq&wOmQy sQy lQpQ @pL hrh` nvwm aq~vQwWy @@sl cln a`k`ryk~ s[hn~ kr wQ@b|. enm|, sRqE r#{Qr`NR wm a#mWbWy clny mMQn~ @q~h@yn~ pQtmA vWmw~ @vnw~ pRq~gl@ykO @g~ a#Mt yLQ a#wOU vWmw~ y.
sRqE r#{Qr`NR a#mWb`k`r cln qk~vn~@n~ rs`ynQk uw~@w~jykt pYwQc`ryk~ @ls pmNQ. @my Chemotaxis nm| @v|. em uw~@w~jy @pY`~tWnykQ. em @pY`~tWny a#wQ w#nt @@sly gmn~ kQrm sQqE @v|. @mv#nQ uw~@w~j @pY`tWn a`k`r 20k~ pmN h[En`@gn a#w. @mm @pY`~tWn @g`dn#@Mn~@n~ @q~h @@sl vQn`X vWmk qW @h`~ a`gn~wOk @q~h a`kYmNyk qW pmNQ. eb#vQn~ sRqE r#{Qr`NR a#mWb`k`r cln q#k~vR pLQyt hQwOm@w~ s$m w#n m sAcrNy @n` kryQ. ey @q~h@y~ a`rk;`vt gw yRwO pQyvrk~ @ls pmNk~ @@sl vQsQn~ x`vQw` @k@ryQ. wvq sRqE r#{Qr`NR @k~Xn`lQk`vlQn~ pQtwt en~@n~ @k~Xn`lQk`@v| bQw~wQy vQnQvQq @gn @n` @v|. ehQ a#wQ sQyRm| sQqEr# awrQn~ rQAg` @gnyQ. @m@ls ptk wrlyt pQvQsQy q eyt sm hrh` pQtwt gmn~ kL @n` h#kQ y. mn~q yw~, It avX& uw~@w~jy @n`wQbWmw,~ sm hrh` @@slykt vQnQvQq gmn~ kL @n`h#kQ vWmw~ nQs` y. @k@s~ @h`~ pQtwt p#mQNQy` y#yQ upkl~pny kL q sQr#@rn~ pQtw qW It jWvw~ vQy @n` h#kQ y.
p`rvQlynyt rFs~ kL r#{Qr@y~ vR sRqE r#{Qr`NR awOr#qn~ @v| y#yQ kWm mMQn~ ihw sAsQq~{Qy whvRr# kr g#nWmt @vr qryQ nm| ey h`s&yt kr#NkQ. sRqE r#{Qr`NR kQsQ k@lk awOr#qn~ @n`vn bv av@b`~{kr gw h#kQ @h`[ m kYmy nm| p`rvQlyny pY`@y`~gQk v a{&yny kr @w`rwOr# @svWmyQ. @mm @k;~wYy h` sm|bn~{ @b`@h`~ pLpRr#qE @@vq&vr#n~ kQy` sQtQ@y~ ovRn~ kQsQ qQnk ev#nQ awOr#qn~ vWmk~ aw~q#k @n`m#wQ bvyQ.
wvq s~vyA pYwQXk~wQ @r`~g @m@ls gmn~ krn sRqE r#{Qr`NR nQs` a#wQ vn bv @@vq&wOmQy upkl~pny kr wQbRNQ. ey pQLQgw @n`h#kQ bv q#n~ p#h#qQlQ @vyQ.
@@vq&wOmQy vQsQn~ Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia @r`~gyt @h~wS vn Philadelphia~ vr~N@q~hy v#rqQ shgw @ls ar~} qk~v` wQbWm vQmwQyt kr#NkQ.
Philadelphia  vr~N@q~hy ynR @q~hyt pQtwQn~ sAkYmNy vR amRwO m a`k`r@y~ vr~N@q~hyk~ @n` @v|. ey ^x~ vQk^wQ vWmk pYwQPlyk~ @ls @q~hy wOL i@b| htgn~n` qElb ww~w~vykQ. Cysk~`#kcys~ @ls nm| kr a#w~@w~ 21 vn vr~N@q~h@y~ qQgO b`hRv g#lvW @g`s~ 9 vn vr~N@q~h@y~ @ktQ b`hRv mw svQ vWm nQs` htgw~ vQk^wQ vr~N@q~hykQ. @mv#nQ hRvm`r# vQk^wQw` Translocation @ls h#[Qn~@v|.
DNA  vQk^wQ a#wQ vWm sh e~v`t @h~wO a{&yny kQrm @vnm vQ;y @k;~wYykQ. vQk^wQvlt @h~wO @ls @@vq&wOmQy pvsn a`k`r@y~ m@n`~k`yk blp$mk~ nm| wvm @s`y`@gn n#w. e@hw~~ @q~hyt pQts~wr v a#wOU vn smhr vyQrs vQsQn~ (smhr Retro Virus - @@slyk vQx`jny p`lny krn j`nvlt blp$m| el~l kQrm nQs` pQLQk` ww~w~v htgw h#kQ bvt mwyk~ pvwW.
avs`n vX@yn~ @@slyk a`yR k`ly g#n ymk~ kWmt aqhs~ krmQ. vQx`jny vn @@slykt a`yR k`lyk~ ar~} q#k~vQy @n` h#kQ y. mn~q yw,~ @@sly mQy @n`yn nQs` sh ek m @@sly qQgt m @n`pvwQn nQs` y. @@vq&wOmQy @my pQLQ@n`gn~@n~ nm| It @h~wOv wr~k`nRkSl v op~pR kr @pn~vn @ls axQ@y`~g kr sQtQmQ. bRq~{Qmw~ sAv`qykt a#ryRm| krn @@vq&wOmQy m @p`w~pw~vl a#wQ vgn~wQvlt mRv` vW a#M @b|r` g#nWm anRmw kL @n` h#kQ y. mn~q yw~, @p`w~pw~vl lQy#vW wQbR pLQyt e~ s$m kr#Nk~ m avQv`q`w~mk sw& @n`vn b#vQnQ. @b`@h`~ jWvvQq&` gYn~} rckyn~ wm @p_q~glQk qr~Xny @k;~wYy wOL whvRr# kQr@m| armRNQn~ smhr vQv`q`w~mk kr#NR pL kr wQ@bnR q#kQy h#kQ y. e~v`@y~ nQym qr~Xny av@b`~{ kr @n`@gn e~ vcn m prQvr~wny kr@gn wr~k krn~nt y`m anRvNkmkQ.jWvk cn~qQm m`lvl
g`·{r~m`@X`~k vQq&`ly
am|bln~@g`d

පුරාණ විශ්වකර්ම ඉදිකිරීම්වල රහස ප්‍රතිගුරුත්ව(Anti Gravity) තාක්ෂණයද?

pRr`N vQX~vkr~m iqQkQrm|vl rhs pYwQgOr#w~v (~Anti Gravity)- w`k~;Ny q?
eqQ@nq` jWvQwyt @b@hvQn~ blp`n vQq&`w~mk sAsQq~{Qn~ awr gOr#vw~v`kr~;N blyt hQmQ vn~@n~ pYmRKs~}`nykQ. mk~nQs` q yw~ mQhQ mw sjWvW·ajWvW sQylR q$ @k@rhQ ey @kLQn~ m blp$m| a#wQ krn b#vQnQ.
@m| @x_wQk vQq&` sAsQq~{Qy h` e~ h` b#[ENR mRl{r~m vQqEsr p`Tkyn~ ht amRwO@vn~ h[En~v` qQy yRwO @n` @v|. ey ewrm| bhRl @ls s`kc|C` vW a#w~@w~ y.
e@hw~ @m| lQpQyt p`qk vn~@n~ nvWn vQq&`@v|qWn~@g~ wQyRNR a#st @g`qEr# vR e@s~ m vQq&` pYbn~{ (Science Fictions)- mgQn~ s`kc|C` kL apRr# sAsQq~{Qyk~ vn pYwQ gOr#w~vy y.
vw~mn~ vQqE @l`vt @my nvmR aw~q#kWmk~ @ls @pnRN q @b`@h`~ a$w awWwyk lQKQw mQnQs~ iwQh`s@yn~ ob|bt gmn~ kL psRv @m@l`v p#vwON` y# yQ s#l@kn~nkQ. qQyRNR XQ;~t`c`ryk @b@hvQn~ pYclQw v p#vwQ nyQl~ nqW XQ;~t`c`ry qk~v` q x`vQw k@L~ y#yQ anRm`n @k@rn pRqEm eLvnsRlR kQYy`vn~ s[h` pYwQ gOr#w~vny @y`q`@gn a#wQ bvt q#n~ q#n~ anRm`n krnR l#@byQ.
mWt tQk klkt ihw qW @m| lQyRm|kr# vQsQn~ vQqEsr p`Tkn~t ht iqQrQpw~ krn lq m`nv vAX@y~~ @n` kQyR k}`v lQpQ @pL h` sm|bn~{ kr#NR @mhQ qW s#lkQl~lt x`jny krnR vtW. ehQ qW kQy#vRNR pRr~v nyQl~ nqW XQ;~t`c`r yRgy h` It sm`n~wr @l`~k XQ;~t`c`ryn~ vQsQn~ @my pRUl~ @ls x`vQw krn lq bvt kr#NR a#w#m| s`k~;&vlQn~ @hLQ vW wQ@b|.
vr~wm`n kYm@v|qyn~ anRv gOr#w~v`kr~;Ny s`m`n& @ls ik~mv` y$m iw` asWr# kr#Nk~ @n` vn nmRqE ey sm|pRr~N@yn~ axQxvny kQrm nm| mRl&my h` XYmy awQn~ iw` av`sQshgw y. gOvn~ y`n` w`k;N XQl~py (Aeronotics)- h` ax&vk`X wrNy yn @m| @qkr#@Nn~ psRv kW w`k;Ny pQNQs v#y vn pQrQv#y, XYmy h` k`ly s#lkQl~lt b[En~ kr#nR vt@n~ y. e~ nQs` m @q`~ ax&vk`X wrNy wvmw~ psRg`mW ww~w~vyk gmn~ krn bv @pnW yyQ. mQnQs` vQsQn~ wvmw~ jy@gn a#w~@w~ a`sn~n m asl~v#sQy` pmNk~ bv @mhQ qW kQv yRwO y.
e@hw~ awWw @l`~ky` aqt vd` sRk;m @ls gOvn jy@gn wQbRNR bvt lQKQw h` pRr`vQq&`w~mk s`k;& hmR vW a#w~@w~ y. e@s~ m nQs#k v m ey vr~wm`n w`k;Nyt vd` @b@h`~ @vns~ enm| @f`sQl in~{n x`vQw@yn~ @w`r vRvk~ bv q anRm`n @k@r~.
udR gOv@n~ nvw~v` wQbQy h#kQ vR q, wQrs~ v @mn~m sQrs~ v q h` @k`~N`k`r v q pqv`@gn y` h#kQ gOvn~ y`n` vQ@X~;yk~ sm|bn~{ v in~qQy`nR a`gmQk s`hQw&@y~ pYmRKs~}`nyk~ gnR lbn mh` x`rw vWr k`v&@y~ vQs~wr @kr a#w. wv q @@vmnQk` X`s~wY nm| pRr`N in~qWy sAs~k^w gYn~}@y~ q kQsQym| a`k`ryk gOvn~ y`n` X`s~wYyk~ pQLQb[v p#h#qQlQ vQs~wryk~ adAgO vW wQ@b|. @m|v` @b`@h`myk~ pYwQ gOr#w~v mRl{r~m mw kQYy`w~mk vn~nt a#w# yQ vQX~v`s krnR l#@b|.
pRr`N XQ;~t`c`r s#m@kk m p`@h~ qk~nt l#@bn @p`qE lk;Nyk~ vn~@n~ @g`dn#gQlQ nQr~m`Ny s[h` gY#nyQtQ (Tr~bse#- p`;`N x`vQw kr wQbWm y. @pr apr @qqQg @x~qykQn~ @w`r v yR@r`~p@y~ sQt uwOr# a#@mrQk`v, apQYk` - a`sQy` mhq~vWp sQyl~@lhQ m @mvn~ a`k`rykQn~ nr~mQw vQvQ{`k`r @g`dn#gQlQvl ntbRn~ nQrk;Ny kL h#kQ y.
ehQ qW qkONR a#@mrQk`, @p~r#, apQYk`@v|, IjQp~wO@v| h` a`sQy`@v| vQ@X~;@yn~ XWY lAk`@v| qk~nt l#@bn ntbRn~ vQ@X~;Qw vn~@n~ e~ s[h` awQ vQX`l s~kn~{ykQn~ yRw~ p`;`N x`vQw @k`t wQbWm y. @mvn~ as`m`n& brFwQ enm| @t`n~ 50 - 100 @h`~ Itw~ vd` s~kn~{ykQn~ yRw~ p`;`N mWtr~ gNn`vk~ ihLt es#vW@m| w`k;Ny hmR@v| vr~wm`n pRr`vQqEqryn~ h` g@v|;kyn~ nQr#w~wr y. e~ pQLQb[ p#h#qQlQ ar~}kwnyk~ @m| vn wOr# krLQyt p#mQN n#w~@w~ y. e@hw~ pYwQgOr#w~v sAsQq~{Qy slk` b#lW@m| qW mWt nQsQ pQLQwOr# spy` g#nWm asWr# @n`vQy h#kQ y.
a$w awWw@y~ ptn~ @ssR @l`~ky`@gn~ vsn~ v hR@qkl` r`j&yk~ @ls pvwQn tQ@btQ @q~X@y~ pRr~v sQyvs mRl~ x`g@y~ qk~nt l#bRNR ar#m pRqEm sQqEvWmk~ bthQr j`wQk g@v|;kykO vQsQn~ vQs~wr krnR l#b wQ@b|. e~ anRv lQ@btQ l`m`vr#n~ vQsQn~ kQsQym| @br vQ@X~;yk~ v`qny krmQn~ @pL s$qW g`yn` krnR lbn mn~wY p`T anRs`r@yn~ @t`n~ gNnk~ brFwQ p`;`Nyk @p`@L`@vn~ aMl~ kWpyk~ ihLt osv` ah@s~ p` vn~nt s#l#s~vRnR l#bR bv q anwOr#v It avm blyk~ @yqW@mn~ ey wl~lR kr@gn ynR l#bR bv q kQy#@v|. @my vw~mn~ @l`~k@yn~ kYm@yn~ wOrn~ @vmQn~ yn Xb|q vQq&`nRkSl mRl{r~m pY`@y`~gQkv x`vQwyt gw~ avs~}`vk~ vQy h#kQ y.
Xb|q wrAg sAK&`w h` @x_wQk vQq&`v awr shsm|bn~{y wvmw~ nQsQ @ls av@b`~{ @n` kL vQ;y @k;~wYykQ. e@hw~ @m| pQLQb[v nvWn vQqEa#s q#n~ q#n~ @y`mR vW a#w~@w~ y.
pRr`N mQsrv`sWn~ wm g^h nQr~m`N XQl~pQQy ktyRwO s[h` @y`q`gnR l#b a#w# yQ slknR lbn mRl{r~myn~ mw pQhQt` sQt nQr~m`Ny krn lq~q` vR apRr# uq&`nyk~ a#@mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpq@y~ mQy`mQhQ qk~nt l#@b|. vQsQvn sQyv@s~ mRl~ av{Q@y~ @g`dnAvnR l#bR @mhQ nQr~m`w^vry` @ls s#l@kn~@n~ os~tQYy`nR j`wQkykO vR ed|vd| lWd|s~kl~nQn~ Ed Leedskalnin)- nm#w~@wkQ.
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n`ml~ pYx`w~ r`jsRrQy


mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

යථාර්ථවාදය


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bthQr s`hQw&@yhQ a#w~@w~ InQy` sm`j y}`r\}ykQ. e~ InQy` sm`j y}`r\}y kQy#@vn~@n~ bthQr sm`jWy vQq&`@vhQ (Sociology)- y. @myQn~ kQy#@vn~@n~ s`hQw&kr#vn~ pLmR@vn~ bthQr sm`j vQq&`v h#q#rQy yRwO y yn~n @n` @vyQ. bthQr sm`j vQq&`v @n` h#q#r#v q ehQ ig#n~@vn, enm| in~ vQs~wr @k@rn sm`j y}`r\}y @k@s~ @h`~ s`hQw&kr#v`t k`n~qE vn bv @myQn~ qL vX@yn~ h#[Qn~@vyQ.
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sm`j sw~w` y}`r\}y @lnQn~ - s~t#lQn~v`qWn~@g~ y}`r\}v`qy mw pqnm| @vyQ. @m| y}`r\}yt anRv wnQ rtk sm`jv`qyk~ a#wQ vQy h#kQ y. epmNk~ @n` v q#nt tQk klkt @pr @s`~vQytQ r#sQy`v kd` v#tWmt @pr ehQ h` a#w#m| n#@gnhQr yR@r`~pWy rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qW rtvl~ vQy. e@mn~ m @qv#nQ @l`~k yRq~{y nmQn~ h#[Qn~@vn yRq~{yt @pr @s`~vQytQ r#sQy`v nm| r@thQ pmNk~ vRv q @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&yk~ wQbQNQ.
e@hw~ m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~t anRv e@ls qQgQn~ qQgt bthQr yR@r`~p@y~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& a#wQ @n` vW @k`mQyRnQs~tQ @h`~ sm`jv`qW @h`~ rtvl~ p#vwQy @n`h#kQ y. eb#vQn~ bthQr yR@r`~p@y~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& bQhQ kQrWm sm`jv`qWn~@g~ v#qgw~ k`r\yx`ryk~ @vyQ. ev#nQ sm`j bQhQ vWm iwQh`s@y~ vQk`Xyt anRv anQv`r\y@yn~ m sQqE vQy yRwO y#yQ mRl~ m`k~s~v`q@yn~ kQy#@vyQ. e@hw~ e@s~ bQhQ vn~@n~ InQy` km|kr# pAwQ n`ykw~vykQn~ bv q pYk`X @vyQ. km|kr# pAwQy InQy` vQp~lvy s`k;`w~ krgn~@n~ km|kr# pn~wQ pk;y os~@s~ bv q in~ gm& @vyQ.
@m| km|kr# pn~wQ pk;y @g`dnM` gn~@n~ @k@s~ q yn pYX~ny vQvQ{`k`r m`k~s~v`qW pk;vl qQgQn~ qQgt s`kc|C` vW a#w. e@mn~ m sm`jv`qW vQp~lvy sm`j vQk`Xyt anRv anQv`r\y vWm pQLQb[ pYX~ny q @b`@h`~ @qn`@g~ av{`nyt @y`mR vW a#w. aq pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qWn~ ynR@vn~ h#[Qn~@vn~nn~ (@mrt sQtQn anRk`rkyn~ @n` @vyQ. anRk`rkyn~t kL h#k~@k~ bthQr pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qWn~@g~ mw sQAh@ln~ kWm h` lQvWm pmNkQ.) awr s`kc|C` vn pY{`n pYX~n @m| vQp~lv@y~ anQv`r\yx`vy vt` @gwW a#w. anRk`rkyn~ pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qy yn~n @mrtt h[En~v` @qnR l#bWmt pY}m @m| a#w#m| pYX~n m`k~s~v`q@y~ qrQqYw`vy k^wQ@yhQ s`kc|C` @krW a#w.
e~ @k@s~ @vww~ aq vn vQt @s`~vQytQ @q~Xy vw~, n#@gnhQr yR@r`~p@y~ a@nk~ @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& vw~ a`sQy`@v| cWn @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&y vw~ qk~nt n#w. @lnQn~ - s~t#lQn~v`qyt wnQ rtk wb` n#@gnhQr yR@r`~p@y~ vw~ a`sQy`@v| a#w#m| rtvl vw~ sm`jv`qyk~ @g`dnM` g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vW a#w. aq y`m|wmQn~ iwQrQ vW wQ@bn InQy` @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&y kQyRb`v y. e@hw~ ks~@wY`~ mhw`@g~ mrN@yn~ tQk klkt psRv kQyRb`@v| @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&y q ax`vpY`p~w vWmt nQymQw v a#w. @lnQn~, s~t#lQn~, m` o|, tQ@t`~ @h`~ cW mQA, ks~@wY`~ a`qW pRq~glyn~ mw @g`dn#MW ax`vyt gQy h` yn r`j&vl pRq~gl s`{ky pQLQb[ g#BRr# a{&ynyk~ pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qWn~ (@mrt anRk`rkyn~ @n` v) vQsQn~ @h`~ @krW a#w# yQ @n` sQwmQ.
kQyRb`v h#@rn~nt @l`~k@y~ bQhQ vR a@nk~ @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& ax`vyt y$@mn~ kQy#@vn~@n~ m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qy nQv#rqQ bv q? bthQr yR@r`~p@y~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& bQhQ @n` vW @vnw~ kQsQ m rtk @h`~ rtvl~ kQhQpyk @h`~ sm`jv`qW r`j& bQhQ vQy @n`h#kQ q? e@hw~ eyt vd` v#qgw~ pYX~nyk~ @vyQ. @ewQh`sQk @x_wQkv`q@yhQ (Historical Mterialism)- pYv`qvlt anRv bthQr yR@r`~p@yhQ km|kr# pAwQ vQp~lvy anQv`r\y vRvw~ e~ @n` sQqEvn~@n~ a#yQ? iw` m sRpQrQ gN@y~ @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~t vRv q @m`n wrm| vlQk$vw~ aq bthQr yR@r`~p@yhQ sm`jv`qW r`j&yk~ @n` v @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qW r`j&yk~ vw~ bQhQ krgw @n`h#kQ y.
bthQr vQq&`@v| sm|pYq`y anRv nm| vQvQ{ m`k~s~v`qW gOr#kOl vQsQn~ bQhQ @krW a#wQ pYv`q aq vn vQt iwQh`s@y~ kONR kSdy hQmQ krgw yRwO v a#w. e@hw~ mL mQnQyk~ @b@hw~ gl~v` wb` g#nWmt krn v$ymk~ m`k~s~v`qy sm|bn~{@yn~ gw~ kl aq InQy` pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`q@yhQ qk~nt a#w. m`k~s~v`qW gOr#kOl @kwrm| vQq&`vk~ g#n kw` kL q, bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`v anRkrNy kQrWmt w#w~ kL q, e~ gOr#kOlv`qWn~t bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`v kQYy`w~mk vn a`k`ry pQLQb[ kQsQ m av@b`~{yk~ n#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ y.
y}`r\}y ynR@vn~ a@pn~ @w`r v, enm| a@p~ mnsQn~ @w`r v pvw~n` @qyk~ n#w yn~n @m| InQy` y}`r\}v`qvlQn~ q p#h#qQlQ @vyQ. e~ e~ ay@g~ y}`r\}y e~ e~ ay vQsQn~ wmn~ vQX~v`s krn pYv`q mw @g`dn#@MyQ. bthQr s`hQw&@yhQ s`m`n&@yn~ kQy#@vn y}`r\}v`q@yhQ sm`jv`qyk~ bQhQ vWmk~ g#n s[hn~ @n @vyQ. sm`jv`qyk iMQyk~ pv` e~ InQy` y}`r\}@vhQ wQbQy @n`h#kQ y. fRkOy`m` mhw` v#nQ bthQr {nv`qW lQbrl~v`qQykOt anRv sm`j vQk`X@yhQ agY Ply bthQr lQbrl~v`qW sm`j @vyQ. ohRt anRv bthQr lQbrl~v`qW r`j&@yn~ ob|bt sm`jy wvqErtw~ vQk`Xy @n` @vyQ. fRkOy`m` mhw`t anRv q#n~ iwQh`sy avsn~ y. ohRt anRv ap sm`j vQk`X@yhQ avs`n aqQyr s`k;`w~ kr@gn avsn~ y.
m`r\tQn~ vQkYmsQAh mhw` ayw~ vR@y~ kQnm| gOr#kOlykt q? e~ mhw` s`hQw&kr#vkO @ls y}`r\}yv`qQykO vW q? e@s~w~ n#wQnm| sm`j sw~w` y}`r\}v`qQykO vW q? @mhQ qW ap mwk wb`gw yRwO kr#Nk~ @vyQ. mh`c`r\y eqQrQvWr src|cn~qY mhw` bthQr s`hQw& vQc`ry InQy` sQAhl p`Tky`t h[En~v` qW@m| qW (@m| sQAhl p`Tky`t e~ e~ gOr#kOl h` pYv`q h[En`g#nWm h#@rn~nt @vn v#dk~ n#w.) y}`r\}v`qyk~ g#n @n` kW@v| y. ohR s[hn~ @k@L~ w`w~vQkv`qyk~ g#n y. psR k@lk y}`r\}v`qWn~@gn~, vQ@X~;@yn~ m m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qW y}`r\}v`qWn~@gn~ e~ mhw` b#t k$@v| ovRn~t anRv w`w~vQkv`qy y}`r\}v`qyk~ @n` vRNR b#vQn~ y.
w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ pYX~ny b#lE b#l~mt pYv`qyk~ @n`m#wQ vWm y. m`k~s~ @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~@g~ y}`r\}y pYv`q mw pqnm| @vyQ. e@hw~ w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ b#lE b#l~mt pYv`q n#w. ehQ qW @l`~ky s#b$ a`k`r@yn~ vQs~wr @k@ryQ. @mhQ qW sQqEvn~@n~ in~qYQy @g`~cr a`k`r@yn~ @l`~ky vQs~wr kQrWm y. crQwvlt aq~xSwv`qW lk;N a`@r`~pNy @n` kr @k@rn vQs~wryk~ g#n w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ kQy#@vyQ. p#h#qQlQ kQrWm s[h` iw` srl uq`hrNyk~ @ls gw @h`w~ apt nvkw`vk @h`~ @ktQkw`vk @h`~ pQy`Bn @h`~ ahsQn~ yn @h`~ mQnQsRn~ q#kgw @n`h#kQ y.
e@hw~ @my pYv`qykQn~ @w`r vRvk~ @n` @vyQ. ahsQn~ yn mQnQsRn~ bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`@vn~ @mn~ m ~bthQr jWv vQq&`@vn~ q pYwQ@k;p @vyQ. e@hw~ a`gm|vl ev#n~nn~ mRUmnQn~ m pYwQ@k;p @n` @vyQ. aq~xSwv`qW rWwQyk @g`dn#gONR kw`vk ahsQn~ yn mQnQsRn~ sQtQy h#kQ y. e@hw~ e~ bthQr vQq&`vn~ smg ekM @n` @vyQ. j`wk kw`vl kw` krn sw~wO @vwQ. ehQ e~ e~ vr\g@y~ swOn~ awr pmNk~ @n` v vQvQ{ vr\gvl swOn~ awr q kw`bh sQqE @vyQ. bk j`wk@yhQ @k`k` m`Un~ smg kw` kryQ. @m| kw` kQrWm vw~mn~ bthQr jWv vQq&`v smg ekM @n` @vyQ.
w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ q e@ls ekQ@nk` smg sn~nQ@v|qny krgn~n` sw~wO @n` @vwQ. eyt @h~wOv ap qn~n` bthQr jWv vQq&`@v| pYv`qvlQn~ e~ pYwQ@k;~p vWm y. eb#vQn~ w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ pYv`q n#w# yQ kQv @n`h#kQ y. mt @w~@rn ayRrQn~ w`w~vQkv`qy InQy` y}`r\}v`qvlQn~ (y}`r\}v`q r`XQyk~ a#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ vQy yRwO y. e@hw~ y}`r\}yk~ ynR@vn~ @qyk~ a#w~nm| wQbQy h#k~@k~ ek~ y}`r\}yk~ pmNkQ!.) @vn~vn~@n~ @m`nym| @h`~ pYv`q n#wQkmQn~ @h`~ @vnw~ ev#nQ @h~wOvkQn~ @h`~ @n` @v|. w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ vQyRk~w pYv`q @n`m#wQ vW@mn~ e~ InQy` y}`r\}v`qvlQn~ @vns~ vn~@n~ y#yQ sQwmQ. @vns sAyRk~wy h` vQyRk~wy awr y.
mh`c`r~y nlQn~ q sQl~v`



mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

අනුරාධපුරයේ වකුගඩුවලට බැර ලෝහ ප්‍රහාරයක් ද?

anRr`{pRr@y~ vkOgdR @r`~gyt mRl b#r @l`~hyk~ q kQy` @@vq&vr#n~ s#k krnv`
-prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQ@y~ n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N aAX@y~ aAX pY{`nQ XQr`nQ @s@nvQrw~n
XWY lAk`@v| an~wr\j`wQk pYmQwQyt sh nWwQ rWwQvlt anRv n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N @s~v` lb` qWmtw~, an~wr\j`wQk pYmQwQvlt anRv n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N pr\@y~;N`g`ryk~ pvw~v`@gn y`mtw~, avsry a#wQv vr\; 1969 aAk 19 qrn prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQ pnw yt@w~ pQhQtRvn lq XWY lAk` prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy mgQn~ lb` @qn @s~v`v ewrm| pYclQw @n` vRvw~ ey j`wQk vX@yn~ @k@rn~n` vR agn` kr\wv&ykQ.
prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQ@y~ n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N aAX@y~ aAX pY{`nQ XQr`nQ @s@nvQrw~n mhw~mQy smg kL s`kc|C`vkQn~ @mm lQpQy sks~ @k@ryQ.
pYX~ny - prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy wOL n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N aAX@y~ aAX@y~ k`r\yx`ry kOmk~ q?
pQLQwOr - an~wr\j`wQk nWwQrWwQvlt anRv n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N @s~v` lb` qWmw~, n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N pr\@y~;N`g`r pvw~v`@gn y`mw~ wmyQ a@p~ armRN. @m| yt@w~ apt p`rQ@x`~gQk@y`~ in~nv`. e~ kQyn~@n~ a@p~ @s~v` smhr apnynkr#vn~t avX& vRN` m lb` @qnv`. nQrwOr#vm a@p~ @s~v` lb`gn~n` ayw~ in~nv`. wvw~ ek vgkWmk~ wmyQ @m| r@tQ jnw`v anvX& @ls vQkQrNXWlWw`vt @g`qEr# vWm v#L#k~vWm. e~ s[h` krn ap@g~ k`r\yyn~ rFsk~ wQ@bnv`. e~ wmyQ a`h`r qYv&vl @h`~ prQsr@y~ wQ@bn vQkQrNXWlWw`v m#nWm. ;W{17025 yn pYmQwQyt anRv vQkQrNXWlWw`v m#nW@m| avsry a@p~ vQq&`g`ryt l#bW wQ@bnv`. @m| avsry wQ@bn ek m vQq&`g`ry ayw~ vn~@n~ prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQytyQ. e~ s[h` j`wQk pY}QwkrN mN~dl@y~ (National Accridiation Board)- shwQkyk~ l#bW wQ@bnv`.
pYX~ny - a`h`r qYv&vl adAgO vQkQrNXWlW qYv& pYm`Ny mnQn~@n~ a#yQ? @m| a`h`r qYv& @mrt nQ;~p`qny krpRv` q n#w~nm| pQtrtQn~ @mrtt @gn~vn e~v` q?
pQLQwOr - vQkQrNXWlW qYv& ap avt prQsr@y~ s~vx`vQkv mQnQs` vQsQn~ krnR lbn kQYy` nQs` prQsryt nQkOw~ @vnv`. vQ@X~;@yn~ n&;~tQk avQ prQhrN@y~ qW n&;~tQk aw~hq`b#lWm|vl qW v@g~m n&;~tQk bl`g`rvlQn~ vQkQrNXWlW qYv& k`n~qE vW@m| qWw~ prQsryt nQkOw~ @vnv`. 50 sh 70 qXk vQkQrNXWlW qYv& bhRlv prQsryt nQkOw~ vR k`l vkv`nR @ls h[En~vn~n pRUvn~. vr\; 1986 qW vR r#sQy`@v| cr\@n`bQl~ anwOrw~ ev#nQ @qyk~.
@mv#nQ kYQy` nQs` nQkOw~ vn vQkQrNXWlW qYv& e~v`@y~ ar\{ a`yR k`lyw~ smg prQsr@y~ k;y @vmQn~ pvwQnv`. @m| nQs` an~wr\j`wQk prm`NR blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy s$m rtkt m vQkQrNXWlWw`v h` sm|bn~{ pYmQwWn~ lb` qW wQ@bnv`.
pYX~ny - @m| a`k`ryt XWY lAk`@v| vQkQrNXWlWw`v mnQn pYmQwQy kOmk~ q?
pQLQwOr - XWY lAk`@v| prQsr@yw~ vQkQrNXWlWw`vn~ wQ@bn~n pRUvn~. e~ anRv XWY lAk`vt wQ@bn pYmQwQy wmyQ sQsQym| 137 mRlqYv& s[h` kQ@l`~gY$m| 1t @bkrl~ 20.
pQtrtQn~ @gn~vn a`h`r vr\gvl vQ@X~;@yn~ kQrQpQtQ vr\gvl vQkQrNXWlWw`v mnQnv`. @mhQ qW @k@rn~@n~ XWY lAk`vt hQmQ pYmQwQyt anRv vQkQrNXWlW qYv& wQ@bn~@n~ adR@vn~ q n#w~nm| v#dQ@yn~ q kQy` @svWmyQ.
pYX~ny - a`h`rvlQn~ uq~gw vn ahQwkr ww~w~v pQLQb[v @s_K& am`w&AXy kQsQym| pYm`Nykt vgkWmk~ qrnv`. pQtrtQn~ @gn~vn pQtQkQrQ vr\gvl vQkQrNXWlWw`v m#nW@m| qW @s_K& am`w&`AX@y~ sh@y`~gy l#@bnv` q?
pQLQwOr - ov|, @s_K& am`w&AX@y~w~, @r\gO@v|w~ sh@y`~gy a#wQvyQ apQ @m| kr\wv&y krn~@n~. @mhQ qW apQ @mrtt a`nyny kL kQrQpQtQ bh`lEmkQn~ ahBR @ls gn~n` nQy#qQykQn~ vQkQrNXWlW qYv& pYm`Ny mnQnv`. @mhQ qW @k@rn~@n~ a@p~ pYmQwQyt adR@vn~ vQkQrNXWlW qYv& adAgO vW wQ@b| q$yQ m#n b#lWmyQ. a@p~ rtt hQmQ pYmQwQy vn sQsQym| 137 kQ@l`~gY$m| 1t @bkrl~ 20 kQyn sWm`vt adR nm| pmNyQ kQrQpQQtQ a`h`r qYv& @v@L[@p`Lt nQkOw~ krn~n avsr @qn~@n~.
@m| h#r#NR @k`t a@p~ r@tQ prQsr@y~ wQ@bn vQkQrNXWlWw`v mnQn~n avX& @vnv`. @m`kq a@p~ r@tQ vQkQrNXWlW k`n~qEvWm| n&;~tQk aw~hq`b#lWm| v#nQ @q~ n#wQ vRNw~ @l`~k@y~ @k`w#nk @h`~ vQkQrNXWlW k`n~qEvWmk~ sQqE vR@N`w~ a@p~ rttw~ r@tQ prQsrytw~ blp`n~n pRUvn~. e~ nQs` a@p~ r@tQ jWvWn~t @mn~m mQnQs`tw~ kvr @h`~ h`nQyk~ ev#nQ @qykQn~ sQqE@vn~n pRUvn~. e~ nQs` apQ nQwr m q$n@gn in~n o|@n~. a@p~ r@tQ vQkQrNXWlQw`v @k`pmN q kQyl`. e~ nQsyQ apQ prQsr@y~ vQkQrNXWlWw`v mnQn~@n~.
pYX~ny - @m| h#r#NR @k`t @k@rn @vnw~ pr\@y~;N @m`nv` q?
pQLQwOr - bhRvQ{ mRlqYv& h[En`g#nWm s[h` n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N sQqE krnv`. @m| s[h` kYm@v|q kWpyk~ x`vQw krnv`. ekk~ wmyQ ek~s~ kQrN pYwQqWp~w vQX~@l~;Ny (X-ray Flurocsent Analysis) @m|k bhRvQ{ mRlqYv& vQX~@l~;N kYmyk~. @m| kYm@v|q@y~ qW vQX~@l~;Ny s[h` lb`gw~ nQy#qQ rs`ynQk vQ@y`~jnykt lk~ @n` kr e~ @ls m wb`@gn adAgO mRlqYv& @s`y`g#nWmt h#kQ @vnv`. e~ nQs` @m| kYmy q$nt x`vQw vn rs`ynQk vQX~@l~;N kYmvlt vd` s`r\}kyQ.
pYX~ny - ek~s~ kQrN pYwQqQp~w vQX~@l~;Ny rs`ynQk vQX~@l~;N kYmvlt vd` s`r\}k vn~@n~ kvr @h~wO nQs` q?
pQLQwOr - s`m`n&@yn~ rs`ynQk vQX~@l~;N kYmyk qW v#dQ k`lyk~ gw@vnv`. @m| kYm@yn~ k`ly gw@vn~@n n$. iw` sRU @v|l`vk qW avX& pYwQPl lb`gn~n pRUvn~. rs`ynQk vQX~@l~;Nyk qW @b`@h`~ vQt ek vrk qW vQX~@l~;Ny kL h#k~@k~ ek mRlqYv&yk~ pmNyQ. e@hw~ @m| kYm@yn~ ekvr rs`ynQk qYv& kWpyk~ vQX~@l~;Nyt lk~ kr pYwQPl lb`gn~n pRUvn~. rs`ynQk vQX~@l~;N@y~ qW rs`yn qYv& v#y vWmk~ sQqE@vnv`. e~ nQs` vQX`l mRqlkOw~ v#y @vnv`. @m| kYm@y~ qW rs`yn qYv&vl avX&w`vk~ @n` vn nQs` e~wrm| mRqlk~ v#y vn~@n~ n$.
pYX~ny - @m| h#r#NR @k`t krn @vnw~ v#d ktyRwO @m`nv` q?
pQLQwOr - @m| qQnvl m{&m prQsr a{Qk`rQy smg sm|bn~{ @vl` prQsr qR;&k`rk h[En`g#nW@m| pr\@y~;Nyk nQy#@Lnv`. @m`kq a@p~ s~v`x`vQk prQsryt mRq` hrQn vQkQrNXWlW mRlqYv&yk~ wmyQ sQsQym| 137 kQyn mRlqYv&y. @m| vQkQrNXWlW mRlqYv&y pY@y`~jnyt @gn p`AXO K`qny pQLQb[v a{&ynyk~ v`rQm`r\g @qp`r\w@m|n~wOv smg ek~ vW krn~n s#lsRm| krnv`. @m| kYm@v|q@yn~ ym| pY@q~Xyk p`AXO K`qny @k`pmN pYm`Nyk~ sQqE @vl` q kQy` m#ngn~n pRUvn~.
pYX~ny - iqQrQyt v&`p~w krn~n bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn kYm@v|q @m`nv` q?
pQQLQwOr - iqQrQyt v&`p~w krn~n bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn pr\@y~;N awr pY{`n pr\@y~;Nyk~ wmyQ jl@y~ br @l`~h h[En`g#nW@m| pr\@y~;N. a@nk~ s`m`n& rs`ynQk vQX~@l~;N kYmvlt vd` n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N w`k;N@yn~ vd`w~ phsR@vn~ jl@y~ wQ@bn bhR mRl qYv& v@g~m ahQwkr b#r @l`~h qYv& h[En`gn~n pRUvn~. q$ntw~ @m| kYm@v|qy x`vQw krnv`. e~w~ lbn vs@r\ qW @m| kYm@v|qy vd`w~ qQyRNR krl` o&s^W kQyn kYm@v|qy a`{`r@yn~ @m| s[h` j`w&n~wr prm`NRk blXk~wQ e~jn~sQ@yn~ a`{`r l#bQl` wQ@ynv`.
pYX~ny - obwOmQy kQv|v` jl@y~ b#r @l`~h h[En`g#nWm pQLQb[v pr\@y~;N krnv` kQyl`. @m| pr\@y~;N krn~@n~ @w`~r`gw~ pL`w~ mtQtmQn~ q n#w~nm| sms~w rt pRr` m q? n#w~nm| krn lq il~lWm|vlt anRv q?
pQLQwOr - @mhQ qW apQ krn~n bl`@p`@r`w~wO @vn~@n~ jl@y~ wQ@bn qR;&k`rk qYv& h[En`g#nWmyQ. @m| s[h` j`wQk jl sm|p`qn h` jl`pvhn mN~dl@y~ sh@y`~gy lb` @qn~n kQyl` il~lWmk~ krl` wQ@ynv`. @m| kYm@v|qy iqQrQ@y~ qW j`wQk jl sm|p`qn h` jl`pvhn mN~dly smg v&`p^wQ vX@yn~ rt pRr` v&`p~w krn~n h#kQ @v|vQ.
m$wk qW a@pn~ @s_K& am`w&AXy il~lWmk~ kL` anRr`{pRr pY@q~X@y~ bhRlv pvwQn vkOgdR @r`~gy pQLQb[v krn pr\@y~;N s[h` sh@y`~gy @qn~n kQyl`. @mhQ qW krn~n bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn~@n~ anRr`{pRr pY@q~Xy vQvQ{ w#n~vlQn~ gw~ jl nQy#qQ n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N w`k;N kYm@v|qy a#sR@rn~ prWk;`vt lk~ krl em jl nQy#qQvl adAgO ahQwkr b#r @l`~h h[En` g#nWmyQ. @r`~gk`rk qYv& @s`y` g#nWmtw~ @mm kYm@v|q@yn~ h#kQ @vnv`.
pYX~ny - @m| r@tQ @@vq& vQq&`w~mk pr\@y~;N s[h` @r`~g h[En`g#nW@m| qW prm`NR blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy qk~vn q`ykw~vy kOmk~ q?
pQLQwOr - vQvQ{ @r`~g s[h` mRl`XY @svW@m| qW a@p~ q`ykw~vy avX& vR vQt lb` @qnv`. nQqsRnk~ vX@yn~ anRr`{pRr pY@q~X@y~ wQ@bn vkOgdR @r`~g ww~w~vyt mRl`XY @svWm avX&yQ. @@vq&vr#n~ s#k krnv` b#r @l`~h nQs` q @m| @r`~gy p#wQ@rn~@n kQyl`. e~ nQs` em b#r @l`~h h[En`g#nWmt apQ n&;~tQk vQX~@l~;N w`k;N@y~ sh@y`~gy lb` qWmt ktyRwO kr@gn ynv`. iqQrQ@y~ qW oWN w`k;Ny x`vQw krn @k`t apQt @@vq& pr\@y~;N s[h` sh@y`~gy lb`@qn~n h#kQ @v|vQ.
pYX~ny - a@p~ r@tQ pYmQwQyk~ a#wQv @mn~m n#wQv @b`~wl~ vwOr a@lvQ krnv`. @m|v` pQLQb[v pYmQwQyk~ lb` @qn~n b$. @m| pQLQb[v @s`y`b#lWmk~ krnv` q? iqQrQ@y~ qW krn~n bl`@p`@r`w~wO @vnv` q?
pQLQwOr - q$nt nm| krn~@n~ n$. iqQrQ@y~ qW q$nt wQ@bn kYm@v|q vd`w~ qQyRNR krl` @s~v`vk~ vQqQyt jl@y~ pYmQwQy vQX~@l~;Ny krn~nw~ avX& ayt em @s~v`v lb`@qn~nw~ bl`@p`@r`w~wO @vnv`.
@m| rtQn~ pQtrtt apnyny krn nQ;~p`qn qYv& vQ@X~;@yn~ kp`pR @p`l~, @k`p~pr`, @w~ @k`L v#nQ qYv& apnyny kQrQ@m| qW e~ rtvl g#nRm|kr#vn~ em nQ;~p`qn qYv&vl vQkQrNXWlW qYv& @k`pmN adAgO q kQyn bvt shwQkyk~ il~lnv`. apQ e~ shwQkyw~ lb` @qnv`. apt j`wQk pYmQwQkrN mN~dl@y~ shwQky wQ@bn nQs` j`w&n~wr a`ywnvl ap lb` @qn pYmQwQ shwQkyt pQLQg#nWmk~ wQ@bnv`. apnynkr#vn~ a@p~ shwQky pQLQb[v vQX~v`syk~ @g`dng`@gn wQ@bnv`.
pYX~ny - @m| vn vQt XWY lAk`@v| vQkQrNXWlWw`v m#nWmt x`vQw krn kYm@v|q @m`nv` q?
pQLQwOr - vQkQrNXWlWw`v mnQn~@n~ g#m` vr\N`vlQmQwQy (Gamma spectrometric)- mgQn~.
bhRvQ{ mRlqYv& h[En`g#nW@m| qW ek~s~ kQrN pYwQqWp~w vQX~@l~;Ny (X-ray Fluerescent analysis)-
@m| kYm@v|q @qk wmyQ q$nt x`vQw krn~@n~.ek~s~kQrN pYwQqQp~w vQX~@l~;N kYm@y~ qW prWk;` kQrWmt avX& mRlqYv&yt ek~s~ kQrN v#q~qWmk~ krnv`. ek~s~ kQrN v#qWm nQs` em mRlqYv&vl wQ@bn Xk~wQ mtQtm|vl k#LBWm nQs` sRvQ@X~; kQrN vr\gyk~ pQt krnv`. @m|v` pYwQqWp~w ek~s~ kQrN (Fluerescent X-ray)kQylyQ h[En~vn~@n~. @m@s~ pQt krn ek~s~ kQrNvl Xk~wQy mw wmyQ @m| mRlqYv& @mpmN pYm`Nyk~ wQ@bnv` kQyl` mnQn~@n~. @mwn qQ @m| mRlqYv& pYm`Ny m#nWmt mRlQk @vl` wQ@bn~@n~ A kQrNyQ.
pYX~ny - XWY lAk`@v| x`vQw krn kYm@v|q @l`~k@y~ qQyRNR rtvl x`vQw krn kYm@v|qvlt sm`n q? It vd` qQyRNR kYm@v|q @l`~k@y~ x`vQw krnv` q?
pQLQwOr - ov| @l`~k@y~ qQyRNR rtvl x`vQw krn kYm@v|q m wmyQ apQ x`vQw krn~@n~. apQ phL mtQt@m| kQyn w`k;N kYm@v|q x`vQw krn~@n~ n$. prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy wmyQ a`sQy`nR p#sQfQk~ kl`@p~ ihL m pQLQg#nWmk~ a#wQ pr\@y~;N`g`ry wQ@bn~@n~.
pYX~ny - @l`~k@y~ qQyRNR @vmQn~ pvwQn w`k;N kYm@v|q smg rtk~ vX@yn~ iqQrQyt yn~n nm|. nv qQyRNR kYm@v|q h[En`gw yRwO @vnv`. e~ v@g~ m wQ@bn kYm@v|q qQyRNR kL yRwO @vnv`. ev#nQ kYQy`q`myk~ prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy wOL wQ@bnv` q?
pQLQwOr - q$n~ mm kQv|@v| g#m` kQrN s[h` w`k;Ny pQLQb[vyQ. q$n~ apQ bWt` kQrN s[h`w~ w`k;Ny qQyRNR krl` wQ@bnv`. @mm w`k;Ny h[En~vn~@n~ Liquid Sinclation Counting kQylyQ. n&;~tQk avQ prQhrN@y~ qW nyQtYjn~vl ek sms~}`nQkyk~ vn tQYyQtQym| pQt krnv`. @m|v`w~ prQsr@y~ wQ@bnv`. @m| tQYyQtQym|vlQn~ bWt` kQrN pQt krnv`. @m|v` m#nWm s[h` @m| pr\@y~;N`g`r@y~ phsRkm| wQ@bnv`.
e~ v@g~ m a#l~f` kQrN pQt krn, @w`~rQym|, yR@r\nQym| v#nQ mRlqYv& mnQn kYm@v|q qQyRNR kr@gn ynv`. q$ntmw~ @m| kYm@v|q ap LM wQ@bnv`. @m| nQs` XWY lAk`v n&;~tQk qYv& vQX~@l~;NvlQn~ ap ihL mtQtmk sQtQnv` kQyl` kQyn~n pRUvn~.
pYX~ny - vQX~v vQq&`lyk @h`~ XWY lAk`@v| @vnw~ a`ywnyk @mv#nQ a{&ynyk~ krn aykOt @h`~ prm`NRk blXk~wQ a{Qk`rQy r`j& a`ywnyk~ h#tQyt krn lq il~lWmkt anRv lb@qn~@n~ kvr sh@y`~gyk~ q?
pQLQwOr - e~ v@g~ vQ@X~; v#dpQLQ@vLk~ n#wQ vRNw~ vQX~v vQq&`lyk sQsRvkO @h`~ sQsRvQyk @g~ pr\@y~;Nyk~ s[h` vn avX&w`vk~ nm| a{&yn a`ywn pY{`nWn~ @g~ m`r\g@yn~ il~lWmk~ k@L`w~ e~ avX&w`vt sh@y`~gy lb`@qn~n pRUvn~. @m`kq vQX~v vQq&`ly kQyn~@n~ r`j& a`ywnyk~. prm`NRk blXk~wQ a`ywnyw~ r`j& a`ywnyk~. e~ nQs` mRl& g#tlE wQ@bnv` nm| s`kc|C` m`r\g@yn~ @n`mQ@l~ @h`~ pr\@y~;N a`{`r mRql~ wQ@bnv` nm| pr\@y~;N s[h` v#y vn rs`yn qYv&vlt v#yvn mRql pmNk~ ay kr g#nW@m| pqnm mw avsr lb`@qn~n pRUvn~. @m`kq @m| pr\@y~;N j`wQk vX@yn~ h` r@tQ sAvr\{nyt v#qgw~ vn nQs`.
e~w~ @p_q~glQk a`ywn e~ kQyn~@n~ x`N~d apnynkr#vn~ h` a`nynkr#vn~ s[h` @s~vy lb`qW@m| qW e~ e~ @s~v`vl s~vx`vy anRv aykQrWm| sQqE krn~n @vnv`. @h~wOv ey @v@L[`mk~ s[h` ap @g~ q`ykw~vy lb` qWmk~ nQs`. a@nk a`ywn@y~ p#v#w~mk~ wQbQy yRwO nQs`.



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මහාවංශයේ පසුබිම

mh`vAX@yhQ psRbQm
bthQr gNQw@yhQ wOl&w` sm|bn~{ mMQn~ @k@rn~@n~ kOlkyk awQ avyv wOl&w` pAwQvlt (up kOlkvlt) @bq` @vn~ kQrWm y. wOl&w` pAwQyk @hvw~ wOl&w` up kOlkyk avyv (s`m`jQkyn~) awr ym| sm|bn~{yk~ @vyQ. e~ sm|bn~{ ek~ wOl&w` pAwQyk h` @vnw~ wOl&w` pAwQyk avyv awr @n` @vyQ. l nm| srl @r\K`vkt sm`n~wr srl @r\K` sQyl~l srl @r\K` kOlk@yhQ L nm| wOl&w` pAwQyk~ @hvw~ wOl&w` up kOlkyk~ wnyQ. t sm`n~wr @n` vR m nm| srl @r\K`vk~ e@ls m srl @r\K` kOlk@yhQ @vnw~ Mnm| wOl&w` upkOlkyk~ wnyQ. @m| kL h#kQ vn~@n~ l nm| srl @r\K`v e~ srl @r\K`vt m sm`n~wr y#yQ bthQr gNQw@yhQ s#l@kn b#vQnQ.
ym| sm|bn~{yk~ mw pqnm| v e@s~ kOlkyk avyv wOl&w` pAwQvlt @bq` @vn~ kQrW@mn~ psRv apt @pnW yn kr#Nk~ nm| ym| wOl&w` pAwQyk avyvyk~ h` @vnw~ wOl&w` pAwQyk avyvyk~ awr aq`L sm|bn~{y @n`m#wQ bv y. uq`hrNyk~ @ls gw @h`w~ klQn~ s[hn~ krn lq srl @r\K` kOlk@yhQ L wOl&w` pAwQ @qkk~ @n` v ek wOl&w` pAwQyk~ vQy yRwO y.
@mhQ qW @w~r#m|gw yRwO pY{`n kr#N nm| srl @r\K` kOlky sQAhl gNQwyk e@ls wOl&w` pAwQvlt @bqQy @n`h#kQ bv y. eyt @h~wOv sQAhl j&`mQwQyk srl @r\K`vk~ em srl @r\K`vt m sm`n~wr vn~@n~ y#yQ gw @n`h#kQ vWm y. sQAhl j&`mQwQyk o|n$ m srl @r\K`vk~ em srl @r\K`vt m sm`n~wr vn~@n~ @h`~ @n` vn~@n~ @h`~ @n` @v| y#yQ gw h#kQ y.bthQr q$nRmt anRv sm`j@yhQ jWvw~vn pRq~glyn~ q wOl&w` pAwQvlt (up kOlkvlt) @bqQy h#kQ y.A nm| pRq~glykO @g~ n$q#@y`~ ek wOl&w` pAwQykt ayw~ @vwQ. e@s~ m A@g~ n$ykO @n` vR B nm| pRq~glykO @g~ n$q#@y`~ q wvw~ wOl&w` pAwQykt ayw~ @vwQ.A@g~ wOl&w` pAwQ@yhQ s`m`jQk@yk~ B @g~ wOl&w` pAwQ@yhQ kQsQ m s`m`jQkykO @g~ n$q#@yk~ @n` @vyQ. e@s~ n$q#ykO vW nm| e~ wOl&w` pAwQ @qk ekk~ bvt pw~ @vyQ. sQAhl sm`j@yhQ e@ls wOl&w` pAwQvlt @bqQy @n`h#k~@k~ n$q#y` yn sm|bn~{y ehQ wOl&w` sm|bn~{yk~ @n` vWm y. apQ ok~@k`m v#sQ@y`~... wOn~ sQAhly m n$q#@y`~ ynR@vn~ g#@yn gWw@yhQ @b`@h`~ @qn` @n` qkQn ar#wk~ @vyQ.
bthQr gNQw@yhQ q$k~@vn wOl&w` pAwQvlt @bqWm avs`n vQgYh@yhQ qW bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRwnw~v@yhQ a#wQ @vn~ kQrQm smM smp`w @vyQ. ap nQwr s[hn~ kr a#wQ kr#Nk~ nm| InQy` pRnr#qyw~ smM @m| @vn~ kQrWm a`rm|x vR bv y. vQs~w^w pvR@ln~ @vn~ vW n&;~tQk pvRl wn`g#nWmw~ mQnQsRn~ ekQ@nk` @gn~ @vn~ vWm @h~wO@vn~ bthQr n&;~tQk pvRl q bQ[W yn qQX`vkt sm`jy vQk`Xy vWmw~ apt @p@nn~nt a#wQ kr#NR y.
k`l~ m`k~s~ pVQvry` sm`jyWy nQ;~p`qny mw pqnm| v sm`jy {npwQ h` km|kr# ynR@vn~ pAwQ @qkkt @bqWmt @plBR@N~w~ bthQr sm`jy e@ls pAwQvlt @bqWmt sAs~k^wQkv m hRr# vW sQtQ b#vQn~ y#yQ sQwQy h#kQ y. e@hw~ mRU sm`jy m e@ls pAwQ @qkkt pmNk~ @bqQy @n`h#kQ bvw~ iw` vQX`l pQrQsk~ e~ pAwQ @q@kn~ ekkt vw~ ayw~ @n` vn bvw~ m`k~s~ pVQvry` q q$n sQtQ@y~ y. @m| pAwQ @qkt ayw~ @n` vR@v`~ @g`vQyn~ sRU {@n~X~vryn~ a`qW vX@yn~ slknR l#bR h. psR k@lk @lnQn~ mhw` @q~Xp`ln vQp~lvyk~ @k@L~ @m| pAwQ vQgYhy v#rqQ bv @w~r#m| gnQmQn~ @g`vQyn~ q @k@s~ @h`~ km|kr#vn~ @g~ pAwQyt m ekwO kr gnQmQnQ. e@hw~ @lnQn~ mhw` bQhQ kL sm`jy vRv q v#dQkl~ @n` p#vwONQ.
nQ;~p`qny mw @h`~ @vnw~ kr#Nk~ @h`~ mw pqnm| v sm`jyk~ pAwQvlt @bqQy @n`h#kQ bv vQvQ{ s~vr$pvl m`k~s~v`qWn~t wvm @w~r#m|g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vW a#w. sm`j@yhQ jWvw~ vn mQnQsRn~ awr vQvQ{ sm|bn~{w` @vyQ. a#w#m| sm|bn~{w` Z`wWw~vy mw @g`dn#@gyQ. a#w#m| vQt jnv`r\gQk, a`gmQk a`qW vX@yn~ mQnQs~sR sm|bn~{w` a#wQ kr gnQwQ. e~ sm|bn~{ awrQn~ iw` m qEr\vl vnR@y~ nQ;~p`qny mw a#wQ krgn~n` sm|bn~{w` y. apQ Z`wWhR @vmR. e@s~w~ n#w~nm| apQ sQAhl@y`~ @vmR. a`qW vX@yn~ gw h#kQ vQZ`nyk~ @h`~ nQ;~p`qny mw pqnm| v a#wQ @n` @vyQ. apQ km|kr#@v`~ vn~@nmR yn vX@yn~ h#MWmk~ vQZ`nyk~ km|kr#vn~ awr a#wQ @n` @vyQ. @lnQn~v`q@yhQ km|kr# pAwQ vQZ`ny pQtwQn~ @gn a` yRwO bv kQy#@vn~@n~ adR m wrmQn~ @lnQn~ mhw` i@vn~ @h`~ e~ bv q$n sQtQ nQs` y.
ap @m| @bq` @vn~ kQrWm s`kc|j` kQrWmt @plBR@N~ mh`vAXy iwQh`s @p`wk~ q yn~n g#n av{`ny @y`mR krmQn~ sQtQ avs~}`vk y. mh`vAX@yhQ iwQh`sy a#w. e@hw~ ehQ a#w~@w~ iwQh`sy pmNk~ @n` @vyQ. ehQ {r\my q a#w. @vnw~ vQs~wr q a#w. r#vn~v#lQ s$y pQLQb[ @@cw& kr\m`n~w ktyRwO ehQ vQs~wr @k@rn~@n~ s`hQw& gYn~}yk @mnQ. e~ e@s~ vn~@n~ a#yQ?
q$nRm ekQ@nkQn~ @vn~ vR vQ;yvlt @bq` @vn~ kQrWm bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRwnw~v@yhQ aAgykQ. e~ e~ aAXvl q$nRm rFs~ kQrW@m| qW apQ vQvQ{ a`k`r@yn~ ktyRwO krmR. e@hw~ in~ kQy#@vn~@n~ e~ e~ aAXvl q$nRm| ekQ@nkQn~ @vn~ v s~v`yw~wv pvwQn bv @n` @vyQ. @x_wQk vQq&`@v| iwQh`sy i@gn gn~n` w#n#w~w`t @x_wQk vQq&`v h` iwQh`sy ekQ@nkQn~ @vn~ kL h#kQ @n` @vyQ. @x_wQk vQq&`@v| iwQh`sy @n` v @x_wQk vQq&`v i@gn gn~n` aykOt vRv q ehQ iwQh`s@yn~ @vn~ vQy h#kQ @n` @v|.
epmNk~ @n` @v|. @x_wQk vQq&`v h#q#rW@m| qW eyt blp$ qr\Xny, sm`jyWy a`kl~p, w`k;Ny a`qQy q v#qgw~ @vyQ. aq @x_wQk vQq&`Zyn~ @b`@h`~ @qnkO @m| kQsQvk~ @n` hq`rn bv rhsk~ @n` @vyQ. e~ bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRwnw~v@yhQ aAgyk~ vR @vn~ kQrWm yn~n vQvQ{ sm`j s~}rvlt k`n~qE vW a#wQ b#vQnQ. e@hw~ q$nRm e@s~ vQ;yynt kd` @vn~ kQrW@mn~ avs`n@y~ qW sQqE vn~@n~ anr\}yk~ bv s`hQw&y h#q#rW@m| qW av@b`~{ @vyQ. yhmg g#n s[hn~ @n`kr InQy` y}`r\}yk~ nQr$pNy krn s`hQw& k^wQvlQn~ avs`n@y~ qW sQqE vn~@n~ p`Tky`t v#rFqQ pNQvRdyk~ lb` qWm bv apQ klQn~ s[hn~ @k@LmR.
hRqW jny` @g~ phn~ sA@v|gy s[h` lQy#vRNR mh`vAXy rcn` @kr#@N~ bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRwnw~vy a#wQ vWmt vsr qhskt pmN @pr y. ekl lAk`@v| sQAhl @b_q~{ sAs~k^wQ@yhQ vQ;y @vn~ kQrWmk~ @n` vW y. aq q sQAhl @b_q~{ sAs~k^wQ@yhQ vQ;y @vn~ kQrWmk~ n#w. a@p~ pYv`q yt@w~ lQy#@vn lQpQ ek~ vQ;yykt ayw~ vR q# @n` @vyQ. ek~ lQpQyk vRv q vQvQ{ vQ;y g#n s[hn~ @vyQ. a@p~ mRU mhw~ sm`j@yhQ m e~ @bq` @vn~ @n` kQrWm q$kgw h#kQ vQy.
@mrt awWw@y~ qW s~}Qr hmRq`vk~ @n` vW y. avX& avs~}`vk qW @g`vQyn~ h` @vnw~ ay hmRq`v @ls yRq @prmRNt y#vQNQ. @l`~k@y~ @vnw~ rtvl q ev#nQ ww~w~vyk~ wQbW a#w. aq bthQr ugwOn~t e~ ww~w~vy @w~r#m|gw @n`h#kQ b#vQn~ ovRhR ev#nQ "hmRq`vlt" @g`vQ hmRq` (Peasent Army)- y#yQ kQywQ. e~ @g`vQ hmRq`vk~ @n` v hmRq`vk~ vR @g`vWhR vR h. avX& avs~}`vk qW hmRq`vk~ @ls ktyRwO kQrWmt e~ @g`vWnt h#kQ vR@y~ ovRnt e~ s[h` ym| pRhRNRvk~ jWvQw@yn~ m @h`~ @vnw~ ayRrkQn~ @h`~ l#bW wQbRNR b#vQn~ y.
e@mn~ m @mrt q$nt avRr#qE pnhkt pmN @pr jWvw~ vR g^hNWhR aw~ @vqkm| r`XQyk~ q$n sQtQy h. e@s~ m @vq mhw` q @g`vQw#n~ ktyRwO @k@L~ y. @myQn~ kQy#@vn~@n~ sQAhl sm`j@yhQ sQyl~ln~ sQyl~l q$n sQtQ bv @n` @vyQ. e~ e~ ktyRwO g#n a@nk~ ayt vd` q$nsQtQ ay vR h. e@hw~ ovRnt q a@nk~ q# g#n ym| av@b`~{yk~ wQbR awr s`m`n& jny`t q jWvQwyt aq`L ktyRwO g#n q$nRmk~ vQy. aq @mn~ vQ@X~;Z@y`~ ekl @n` vR h.
mh`vAX@yhQ iwQh`syk~ a#ww~ ehQ iwQh`sy h#@rn~nt @vnw~ kr#NR q a#w~@w~ eb#vQnQ. e~ sQyl~lt m vd` mh`vAX@yhQ yhmM @m| y#yQ @pn~v` @qnR l#bQNQ. mh`n`m hQmQyn~ mh`vAXy rcn` @k@L~ sQAhl @b_q~{ sAs~k^wQ@yhQ mQs bthQr yR@qv| kQYs~wQy`nQ sAs~k^wQ@yhQ @n` @vyQ. aq @b`@h`~ @qn` mh`vAXy vQ@v|cny krn~@n~ @m| sAs~k^wQk @vns @w~r#m| @n` @gn y.
mh`vAXy bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRwnw~v@yn~ bl` vQ@v|cny krn~@n`~ ey iwQh`s @p`wk~ @n` @v| y#yQ kQywQ. e~ s#b$vkQ. bthQr yR@qv| kQYs~wQy`nQ sAs~k^wQy p#w~@wn~ b#lE vQt ehQ InQy` iwQh`s @p`wk~ lQvW@m| qW anRgmny kL yRwO "vQ{ kYmy" @y`q`@gn n#w. mh`n`m hQmQyn~ v`s~wvQk vW n#wQ bv q a#w#m|hR pvswQ. e@hw~ @l`~k@y~ kQsQ m w#nk v`s~wvQk @p`w~ n#wQ bv ovRhR @n` kQywQ. o|n$ m @p`wk~ lQy#@vn~@n~ ym| sAs~k^wQyk~ psRbQm| krmQn~ e~ sAs~k^wQyt s`@p~k;v y. bthQr InQy` v`s~wvQk @p`w~ @mn~ m InQy` y}`r\}v`qW s`hQw&y q gWYk yR@qv| kQYs~wQy`nQ cQn~wn@yhQ bQhQ vR k^wQ y.
mh`vAXy kQyvQy yRw~@w~ vQ;y ekQ@nkQn~ @vn~ @n` @kr$ sAs~k^wQyk jnw`v nQvn~ armRNR kr@gn yhmM y#vWmt lQyn lq k^wQyk~ @ls slkmQnQ. ehQ iwQh`sy a#w. e@hw~ ehQ a#w~@w~ iwQh`sy pmNk~ @n` @vyQ. mh`vAX@yhQ ek~ armRNk~ vW a#w~@w~ sQAhl @b_q~{ r`j&y whvRr# kQrWm s[h` avX& pYv`q s#pyWm y. e@hw~ e~ pYv`q mh`n`m hQmQyn~ @g~ hQwU @n` @v|. ekl wQbR e@hw~ aq qk~nt n#wQ @p`w~ q jnpYv`q q a#sRr# krmQn~ mh`vAXy lQy#vW a#w.
mh`c`r\y nlQn~ q sQl~v`


mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

මනස හඳුනාගනිමු

mns h[En` gnQmR
mQnQs`t mnsk~ (Mind)- wQ@bn bvw~ ey apt @n` @p@nn @qyk~ bvw~ mnst pk; v wr\k iqQrQpw~ krn~nn~ wOL pvwQn pQLQg#nWmkQ. @mm lQpQy mMQn~ a@p~k;` krn~@n~ mQnQs`t mnsk~ wQ@bn bvt @h`~ @n` wQ@bn bvt @h`~ wr\k iqQrQpw~ pw~ kQrWm @n` v mns pQLQb[ sAkl~py pQLQb[v q`r\XnQk mwv`qyk nQrw vWmyQ. em nQs` @mhQ qW ap @g~ @p_q~glQk a`kl~p p@sk wb` mns a`XQYwv vQc`r`w~mk vQvrNyk nQrw vWm iw` v#qgw~ @v|. kvr @hyQn~ q yw~ @my k`lWn v#qgw~kmk~ pvwQn sAkl~pyk~ vn @hyQnQ.
m@n`~vQq&`@v| pQy` vn sQg~mn~ @pY`yQd| qk~v` vQsR vQq&`Zyn~ @g~ aqhs vR@y~ ap aqhs~ krn mns a`XWYw a`kl~p pq~{wQy pmNQ. mQnQs`t ytQ sQwk~ pvwQn b#v| av{`rNy krn lq~@q~ @pY`yQd| vQsQnQ. mns vX@yn~ ap aqhs~ krn~@n~ iw` sRU @k`tsk~ bvw~ apt @n` @p@nn mns a`XWYw ax&n~wr s~vx`vyk~ pvwQn bvw~ @pY`yQd| @pn~v` qEn~@n~ y.ytQ sQw @lsQn~ ohR avQZ`ny nm| k@L~ y. mns, ax&n~wr blp$m| h` b`hQr blp$m| a#sR@rn~ kQYy` krn bvt ohR aqhs~ q$k~vW y. e@hw~ @ssR vQq&`Z@y`~ @pY`yQd| @g~ em mwyt e@rhQ vR h. @m`~hn vQq&`v wOLQn~ @r`~gWn~ @g~ ytQ sQw sm|bn~{v @pY`yQd| @s`y` b#lR awr vXWkrNy mMQn~ is~mwO vn m`nsQk s~vx`vy vQmsRmt x`jny @k`t avQZ`ny pvwQn bvt whvRr# k@L~ y. "@@qnQk jWvQw@y~ @r`~g vQnQX~cy (Psychopathoogy of Every day Life) n#m#wQ k^wQy mMQn~ @pY`yQd| @pn~v` qEn~@n~ mQnQs` wOL avQZ`nyk~ kQYy`w~mk vn bvyQ. ap kw`bh krq~qW sQqE vn v#rFqQ, ymk~ kQyvW@m| qW sQqEvn v#rFqQ a`qQyt @h~wO Ovn~@n~ avQZ`n@yhQ blp$m bv @h@wm whvRr# k@L~ y.
sw& vX@yn~ m mnsk~ pvwW q? ey pvwW nm| e~ b#v| sn`} krn~n~ @k@s~ q? yn kr#NR sm|bn~{v ap @g~ av{`ny @y`mR vQy yRwO y. c`r\y`v`qy (Behavioirism)- mMQn~ iqQrQpw~ krn~@n~ mnsk~ ynR@vn~ @qyk~ @n` pvwQn bvyQ. mns vR klQ @m`L@y~ kQYy`k`rWw~vy vn awr X`rQrQk kQYy`vn~ a#sR@rn~ mns h` sm|bn~{ kQYy`k`rkm| vQgYh kL h#kQ bv @pn~v` @q~.
gQl~btQ ryQl~ (Gilbert Ryle)- n#m#wQ q`r\XnQky` vQsQn~ lQyn lq mns pQLQb[ sAkl~py (The concept of Mind)- n#m#wQ k^wQy mMQn~ vQgYh krn~@n~ mQnQs`t mnsk~ @n`m#wQ bvyQ. m`nsQk kQYy`, X`rQrQk kQYy` a#sR@rn~ vQs~wr kQrWmt h#kQ awr sQwWm vR klW kQYy`vk~ (Activity)- bv ryQl~ @pn~v` @q~. sQwnv`, wr\k krnv`. qEvnv`, a[Qnv` a`qW kQYy`vn~ @ls mns a`XWYw kQYy`vn~ smRhyk~ bv ryQl~ v#dQqErtw~ @pn~v` @q~. m`nsQk @r`~g vR klQ @m`Ly a`XYQw ar\bRq vn awr mns @lsQn~ in~qYQyk~ @n`m#wQ bv whvRr# kr a#w.
e@hw~ vr\wm`n@y~ mQnQs` sQy @m`L@y~ kQYy`k`rWw~vy @h~wO @k`t@gn vQs~myjnk @q~vl~ nQr\m`Ny kr a#w. @x_wQk v`qy (Materialism)- s$m avs~}`vkqW m sw& @n` vn bv ap av@b`~{ krgw yRwO @qykQ. epmNk~ @n` v pvwQn @q~vl~ sQyl~l q sw& vn bv apt @w~r#m| gw @n`h#kQ @qykQ.
nQqsRnk~ vX@yn~ ykd k#b#l~lk~ gnQmR. eyt apQ ykd k#b#l~l y#yQ kQymR. e@hw~ @mm ykd k#b#l~l kOd` @k`ts~vlt KN~dny @k`t, em @k`ts~ q wvqErtw~ KN~dny @k`t @s`y` blq~qW avs`n@y~ @X~; vn~@n~ prm`NR r`XQykQ. @mm prm`NR r`XQyt ap ykd k#b#l~l kQy` pvsn~@n~ n#w. qhvl~ k`l@y~ qW apQ mQrQMOv qkQmR. e@hw~ mQrQMOvk~ @ls ap eyt p#vsRv q mQrQMOv wOL jly @n`m#w. v`wy apt @p@nn~@n~ n#w. e@hw~ @k`dQ @slvWm, gs~v#l~ @slvWm a`qQy mMQn~ v`wy pvwQn bv apt p#h#qQlQ @v|. em nQs` ap @n` qkQn @q~vl~ @n`m#wQ bvt wr\k kQrWmt s$m vQt m @n`h#kQ y. mns pQLQb[v q apt p#vsQy h#k~@k~ eyyQ. em nQs` mQnQs`t mnsk~ wQ@b| q? n#q~q? yn~n s`kc|j` kQrWmt vd` @m`L@y~ kQYy`k`rQwvy mRlQk @k`t@gn apt pYs~wOw (prepositions)- @g`dn#gWmt pRUvn. ym| @qyk pYwQbQm|by a#wQ vn~@n~ vs~wOvk~ wQ@bn nQs` y. e@ls @m`Ly n#m#wQ in~qYQy nQs` a#wQ vn pYwQPly vn~@n~ ehQ kQYy`k`rQw~vyyQ. @my apt av@b`~{ krg#nWmt h#kQy`v pvwW.
mlQn~w @b`~@pa`rc|cQ, kdvw


mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

පෞද්ගලික විශ්වවිද්යාල අවශ්යද? නැද්ද?

 @p_q~glQk vQX~vvQq&`l avX& q? n#q~q?
aq @l`~ky iw` wrgk`rW w#nkQ. ap @g~ p#v#w~m s[h` sQylR m @q~vlt wrg kQrWmt apt sQqE vW a#w. a{&`pn k~@;~wYy vR klW eb[E vQX`l wrgyk~ a#wQ pr`sykQ. wrg vQx`gvlQn~ aq lAk`@v| a{&`pn k~@;~wYy pQrW a#w. vQx`g p@skQn~ wbmR. a{&`pny l#bWm pQNQs pY@v|X vWmt q avRr#qE 5k~ vys#wQ @n`qr#v` mhw~ vR wrgyk~ kryQ. aq qQvyQ@n~ o|n$ m p`slkt a#wOLw~ vWmt mh` yRq~{yk~ kL yRwO y. in~ psR a{&`pn k~@;~wYy wOL rF[W sQtWm q mh` b#rHr#m| pYX~nykQ. j`wQk p`sl~, isRr# p`sl~, n@v`~q&` p`sl~ a`qW vQvQ{ nm|vlQn~ h[En~v` wQbRN q @b`@h`~ p`sl~vl vQX`l gOr# hQMyk~ a#w. @m| ww~w~vy vd` @h`[Qn~ q#@nn~@n~ g@m| p`sl~vlt y. @m@s~ vR kl LmyQ tQyR;n~ @g`s~ mRql~ qW ugnQwQ. @m@s~ nmt nQqhs~ a{&`pny wQbRN q @b`@h`~ vQt mRql~ qW 5 vsr XQ;&w~v vQx`gy, a.@p`.s. s`m`n& @pL h` uss~ @pL v#nQ vQx`g smw~ @vwQ.
a.@p`.s. uss~ @pL vQx`gy ynR sQsRn~ mRhRN @qn q#v#n~w m axQ@y`~gyyQ. em axQ@y`~gy jyg#nWmt sQsRn~ s#r@sn ayRr# uss~ @pL upk`rk pAwQvl sQtQn sQsRn~ pQrQs~ qkQn vQt @p@n~. nQqhs~ a{&`pny wQbRN q sQylR m sQsRhR mRql~ vQyqm| kr u.@pL upk`rk pn~wQ kr` a#@qwQ. @my @qvrk~ sQwQy yRwO pYX~nyk~ @n` @v| q? @k@s~ @h`~ uss~ @pL smw~ vRv` y#yQ sQwmR wvw~ ugY wrgyk~, stnk~ n#wQnm| pYX~nyk~ ILMt mwO @v|. enm| vQX~v vQq&`l pY@v|Xy l#bWmt sRqEsRkm| l#bWm @h`~ @n` l#bWmyQ.
lAk`@v| a#wQ phsRkm|vlt anRv u.@pL smw~ vn~nn~ @gnRw~ iw` m sRU pYwQXwyk~ pmNk~ vQX~v vQq&`l pY@v|Xy l#bWmt sRqEsRkm| lb` gnQwQ. evQt uss~ @pL smw~ vR e@hw~ lkONR qXmyk~ mqQ vWm nQs` vQX~v vQq&`l pY@v|Xy lb`g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vn~nn~? @m`vRn~t aw~ vn irNm wWn~qE vn~@n~ wm`@ g~ · wm pvR@l~ vw~km anRv y. a#wQ h#kQ {nvwOn~ @g~ qEv` qr#@v`~ evQt pQtrt vQX~v vQq&`lvlt a#wOLw~ @vwQ. a@nk~ ahQAsk qEv` qr#@v`~ wm` @g~ @h`[ m vys @g@vn wOr# @qvn, wOn~vn vw`vtw~ vQx`gyt mRhRN @qwQ. @myt qQy yRwO @h`[ m vQkl~py nm| XYW lAk`@v| q @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`l a`rm|x kQrWmt id lb` qWmyQ. e@hw~ @m| r@tQ sQtQn kOhk @q~Xp`lk@y`~ h` ovRn~ @g~ aw@k`U bvt pw~ vR a#w#m| vQX~vvQq&`l sQsRhR q @myt vQ@r`~{y qk~vwQ. @mm a`w~m`r\}k`mW @ls @q~Xp`lnWkrNy vR srsvQ sQsRnRw~ LQA m#dQ cQn~wn@yn~ ob|bt @n` gQy @q~Xp`lkyQnRw~ It e@rhQ @vwQ. @myt vQr#q~{ vWmt s`{`rN @h~wOvk~ @n`m#w. ymkO @mrt srsvQyk qW up`{Qy @n` @gn mRql~ vQyqm| kr vQ@q~X rtk qW up`{Qy lb`gw~w q ohRt @mrt qW rFkQy`vk~ lb` gw h#kQ y. em kYQy`q`my m vQ@q~X vQnQmy iwQrQ krmQn~ @mrt qW sQqE kr rFkQy`vk~ lb` gw h#kQ y. em kYQy`q`myt @m`vRhR hrs~ @vwQ.
srsvQ a{&`pny h` srsvQ sQsRn~ @vw @q~Xp`ln @svN#l~l v#tWm nQs` (vQ@X~;@yn~ m v`m`AXQk blp$m|) @mrt a{&`pn k~@;~wYy vQX`l @ls @h`~q`p`U vW a#w. a@nk~ kr#N nm| mRl amwk kQrWmyQ. wm` @g~ k`r\yy itR vR psR ey itR kQrWmt wm` gw~ uw~s`hy k#pvWm amwk kryQ. wmn~ @s~ m qEk @s~ i@gn gn~n` wvw~ pQrQsk~ sQtQn bv amwk kryQ. vQvQ{ @b`r# @h~wO a#q qk~vmQn~ m`s gNn~ vQX~v vQq&`l vs` wbyQ. @myQn~ h`nQ vn~@n~ wm mvRbQ@m| a`r\}Qkyt m bv @n` sQwyQ. uq`hrNyk~ @ls 2007 vs@r\ u·@pL pYwQPl nQkOw~ vR@y~ 2008 jnv`rQ m`s@y~ qW y. e~ gOr#vr#n~ @g~ pYX~n @h~wO@vnQ. @k@s~ @h`~ pYwQPl nQkOw~ vW qsmsk~ gw vn wOr#w~ vQX~vvQq&`lvl @b`@h`~ pWT vQv^w vW @n`m#w. uq`hrNyk~ @ls @p~r`@qnQy vQX~v vQq&`l@y~ sm @s_K& vQq&` pWTy gw h#kQ y. @mm pWTyt a#wOLw~ vn~@n~ @@vq& pWTyt a#wOLw~ vWmt lkONR kWpyk~ ahQmQ vR sQsRn~ y. ovRn~ vQ@q~X vQX~v vQq&`lykt pQvQsR@N~ nm| ovRn~t ehQ @@vq& pWTykt phsR@vn~ a#wOLw~ vWmt h` rFkQy`vk~ q @s`y`g#nWmt h#kQ y. e@s~m @m| vn vQt a{&yn ktyRwOvl q nQrw v sQtQnR a#w.
ap r@tQ @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`l wQbR@N~ nm| @m@s~ m`s gNn~ srsvQ vs` wbn~nt vw~, argl kQrWmt vw~ srsvQ sQsRn~t @n`h#kQ @v|. mn~q @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`lWy sQsRn~ e~v`t shx`gW @n` vn b#vQnQ. wmn~ mRql~ @gvn b#vQn~ ehQ wmn~t hQmQ k`r\yy vn i@gnWm h#r#NR vQt @vnw~ q$ kQrWmt sQsRn~ @n` @pl@BnR a#w. @myt @h`[ m uq`hrNyk~ vnR@y~ lAk`@v| j``w&n~wr p`sl~ y. j`w&n~wr p`s@l~ i@gn gn~n` sQsRnt gOr#vrykO p#mQN n#w#yQ kQy` nQqhs~ k`lc|@j~q @n`m#w. gOr#vr# v#dvr\jn @n` krwQ. hrQytm nQymQw qQn@y~ qW vQ;y nQr\@q~X a`vrNy @k@ryQ. j`w&n~wr p`sl~vl sQsRhR @kLQn~ m vQ@q~X vQX~v vQq&`lvlt @y`mR vW adR vysQn~ wm up`{Qy lbwQ. ovRn~
rFkQy`vlt b#@[w~qWw~ ap r@tQ nQqhs~ a{&`pnl`xWn~ vQX~v vQq&`lvlt vW @h`~ nQ@vs~vlt vW @h`~ kl~ mrwQ. a@nk~ awt ovRn~t h` {nvwOn~ @g~ qEv`qr#vn~t pQtrt vQX~vvQq&`lvlQn~ a{&`pny lb` g#nWmt @h`[ nm| g@m| sQsRn~t lAk`@v| qW m @@vq&vrykO, iAjQ@n~r#vkO vWmt s`@p~k;v iw` adR mRqlk~ vQyqm| kr @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`lykQn~ up`{Qy lb`g#nWmt e@rhQ vn~@n~ kOmkt q ? @kwrm| qEp~pw` @vnR@vn~ @pnW sQtW y#yQ k$gsn pk;yk~ vRv q @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`l a#rBWmt e@rhQ vW@mn~ vQr#q~{ vn~@n~ q qEp~pw`t m y lAk`@v| @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`l a#rBRvw~ n#ww~ {nvw` vQ@q~Xgw vW wm k`r\yy itR krgnQyQ. e@hw~ avs~}`v ahQmQ vn~@n~ asrN ahQAskyn~t y.
vrk~ ap r@tQ sQtQ a#@mrQk`nR w`n`pwQvrykO p#vsR@v| lAk`vt qQyRNR vQy h#k~@k~ LmyQn~t ig#n~vW@mn~ pmNk~ bv y. @my a@p~ @q~Xp`lkyn~ @n` sQwn~@n~ LmyQn~ i@gn gw~ vQt wmRn~t p#v#w~mk~ n#wQ vn b#vQnQ. wm` @vnR@vn~ k@d| y`mt wm` kQyn @b|gl~ vQX~v`s kQrWmt @knkO @n`m#wQ vn b#vQnQ. @k@s~ @h`~ a`w~m`}k`mW @n` vW vQv^wv @l`~ky @qs bl` @p_q~glQk vQX~v vQq&`l arB` r@tQ qQyRNRvt q`yk vWmt wvw~ pRq~glyn~ nQr\m`Ny krnv` q? n#w~nm| rtQn~ enwOr# a@p~ @q~ pQt rt ptv` bl` sQtQnv` q yn~n wWrNy kQrWm sRqEsR y.
cwOr @r`;n~ rNsQAh,
2009 gNQw aAXy,
r·klv`n g`mQNW n@v`~q&` p`sl,

klv`n.


mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com
ඉන්දියාවේ වසර 4,000 කට පෙර
ලාදුරු රෝගය පැවති බවට සාධක 


ලාදුරු, ලෝකය පුරා රටවල දිගු කලක්‌ තිස්‌සේ ඉතා භයානක රෝගයක්‌ ලෙස සැලකිල්ලට ලක්‌ ව තිබූ රෝගයකි. මේ රෝගය වැළඳෙන්නේ ඵහජදඉaජඑeරසමප කැචර්e නම් බැක්‌ටීරියාවකිනි. එහි ප්‍රධාන බලපෑම් සමට හා පර්යන්ත ස්‌නායු පද්ධතියට ඇති වන නමුත් එහි බලපෑම් අස්‌ථි පද්ධතියට ද එල්ල වේ. ලෝක සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයේ වාර්තාවකට අනුව ස්‌ථිර ශාරීරික අකර්මණ්‍යතාව සඳහා හේතු වන බෝ වන රෝග අතරින් ලාදුරු මූලික තත්ත්වයේ ලා සැලකෙන රෝගයකි. එහෙත් වර්තමාන වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ දියුණුව නිසා මුල් අවස්‌ථාවේ දී හඳුනාගත හැකි නම් රෝගය සුව කළ හැකි ය.

මේ වන විට ලාදුරු සඳහා පිළියම් තිබුණ ද අතීතයේ දී මේ රෝගය සුව කළ නොහැකි රෝගයක්‌ ලෙස සලකන ලදි. එA නිසා රෝගීන් වෙන් කර තබන ලද අතර රෝගීන් පමණක්‌ නො ව ඇතැම් විට එම රෝගීන් ගේ පවුලේ අනෙක්‌ සාමාජිකයන් පවා සමාජයෙන් කොන් කිරීමට හා පිළිකුලට ලක්‌ විය. මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ යුරෝපයේ ලාදුරු රෝගීන් රඳවා තැබීම සඳහා රෝහල් මෙන් ම වෙන ම ආයතන පවා පිහිටුවා තිබිණි. මේ හේතු නිසා මෙය ලෝකය පුරා ජනයා බෙහෙවින් ත්‍රාසයට ලක්‌ කළ රෝගයක්‌ වූයේ ය. ලාදුරු පිළිබඳ විවිධ සඳහන් ලෝකයේ විවිධ රටවල ඉතිහාස මූලාශ්‍රවල දැකගත හැකි ය. 

මේ තත්ත්වය නිසා මේ රෝගය ඇති කරන බැක්‌ටීරියාව සොයාගත් ආමවුර් හැන්සන් ගේ නමින් එනම් "හැන්සන් ගේ රෝගය"Z නමින් හැඳින්වීමට පෙලඹීමක්‌ ඇත්තේ ද අතීතයේ පටන් ලාදුරු රෝගය පිළිබඳව පැවති සමාජ පිළිකුළ නිසා ය. වාසනාවකට මෙන් වර්තමානය වන විට තත්ත්වය තරමක්‌ හෝ වෙනස්‌ වී තිබේ. ඒ ප්‍රතිකාර සොයාගැනීම නිසා ය. එහෙත් මේ වන විට ද ලාදුරු රෝගයෙන් වර්ෂයක දී පීඩාවට පත් වන පිරිස 250,000ක්‌ තරම් වේ. 
ලාදුරු රෝගයේ ප්‍රභවය හා ව්‍යාප්තිය 

ඕනෑ ම රෝගයක ප්‍රභවය හා එය ව්‍යාප්ත වූ ආකාරය විද්‍යාවේ අවධානයට ලක්‌ වූ විෂයයකි. මේ සඳහා ඓතිහාසික මූලාශ්‍ර මෙන් ම පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක මූලාශ්‍ර ද යොදා ගැනේ. මේ ආශ්‍රයෙන් ලබාගන්නා දැනුම මගින් රෝගය ව්‍යාප්ත වූ ආකාරය ගැන අවබෝධයක්‌ ලබාගත හැකි ය. එසේ ම මේ තත්ත්වය බෝ වන රෝග බිහි වීම හා ව්‍යාප්ත වීම පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක්‌ ලැබීමට ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වේ. එA පිළිබඳ අවබෝධය එවැනි වෙනත් රෝග මැඬපැවැත්වීමට ද දායකත්වයක්‌ ලබා දේ. 

ලාදුරු රෝගය පිළිබඳව ඇති ලේඛනගත සාධක අතර ආගමික මෙන්ම ඓතිහාසික මූලාශ්‍ර ද වේ. මේ පිළිබඳව සඳහන් පැරණි ම ලියවිලි ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ ඊජිප්තුවෙන් හමු වී ඇති එබර්ස්‌ පැපිරස්‌ ලේඛන ය. මේවා පූර්ව ඓතිහාසික සමයට අයත් ක්‍රි. පූ. 1550ට පමණ දින නියම කර ඇති ලේඛන වේ. එමෙන්ම භාරතයේ වෛදික යුගයේ වැදගත් ග්‍රන්ථයක්‌ වන අතර්වවේදයේ පළමු කෘතියේ ලාදුරු පිළිබඳව සඳහන් ව ඇත. එය ලියෑවී ඇත්තේ ක්‍රි. පූ. දෙවන සහස්‍රකයේ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. එසේ ම පැරණි හා නව තෙස්‌තමේන්තුවේ ද මේ රෝගය පිළිබඳව සඳහන් ව ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත් මේ මූලාශ්‍ර තරමක්‌ මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති එAවා ය. මේ වන විට පුළුල් ව පිළිගන්නා වඩා විශ්වසනීය සාධක ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ වඩා මෑත කාලයකට අයත් සුශ්‍රැත සංහිතාව හා කෞටිල්‍ය ගේ අර්ථශාස්‌ත්‍රයේ සඳහන් වන කරුණු ය. මේ කෘති ක්‍රිස්‌තු පූර්ව 6 වන සියවස තරම් කාලයක්‌ දක්‌වා පැරණි ය. පළමුවන සියවසේ දී පමණ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ප්ලිනී හා සෙල්සස්‌ නම් රෝමානු ලේඛකයන් විසින් ලියනු ලබන ලේඛනවල ද ලාදුරු සම්බන්ධ සාධක ඇත. එසේම ග්‍රීක ලේඛකයකු 4 වන සියවසේ දී මේ පිළිබඳව කරන සඳහන සහ චීන ලේඛකයකු 3 වන සියවසේ දී පමණ මේ පිළිබඳව සිදු කරන සඳහන වඩා විශ්වසනීය සඳහනක්‌ ලෙස සලකනු ලැබේ. 

ලාදුරු රෝගය පිළිබඳ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සාධක ද තිබේ. රෝගය වැළඳුණු පුද්ගලයින් ගේ අස්‌ථි අවශේෂ අප්‍රිකාවෙන් හා බටහිර ආසියානු ප්‍රදේශවලින් හමු වී ඇත. මේ අතර ක්‍රි. පූ. 2 වන සියවසට අයත් අස්‌ථි අවශේෂ ඊජිප්තුවෙන් ද, ක්‍රි. පූ. 5 සියවසට අයත් අස්‌ථි අවශේෂ නුබියාවෙන් ද හමු වී ඇත. එසේ ම 2005 වර්ෂයේ දී රෝගය බෝ කරන බැක්‌ටිරියාව පිළිබඳව කරන ලද ජානමය අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්වා දුන්නේ මේ රෝගය නැගෙනහිර අප්‍රිකාවේ හෝ මෑත පෙරදිග (මැද පෙරදිග) ප්‍රදේශයේ ප්‍රභවය වූ බවකි. 

මේ කරුණු මත පදනම් ව ලාදුරු රෝගයේ ප්‍රභවය සිදු වූ ප්‍රදේශය පිළිබඳව මත දෙකක්‌ පවතී. ඉන් එකක්‌ නම් ලාදුරු රෝගය ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපයේ ආරම්භ වී ක්‍රි. පූ. 4 වන සියවස පමණ කාලයක දී පමණ යුරෝපයට පැමිණෙන්නට ඇති බව ය. මේ පිළිබඳව ඇති එක්‌ අදහසක්‌ නම් ඇලෙක්‌සැන්ඩර් රජු ගේ ඉන්දීය ආක්‍රමණයට පැමිණි ග්‍රීකයන් ආපසු යන විට මේ රෝගය රැගෙන ගිය බව ය. ඉන් පසුව රෝගය ග්‍රීසියේ සිට මධ්‍යධරණී ප්‍රදේශයට පැතිර ගිය බවත් රෝම ජාතිකයන් විසින් රෝගය බටහිර යුරෝපයට ව්‍යාප්ත කෙරුණු බවත් විශ්වාස කෙරේ. යුරෝපයේ මේ රෝගය බරපතල සෞඛ්‍ය ගැටලූවක්‌ බවට පත් වන්නේ පසු කාලයක දී ය. එනම් මධ්‍යකාලීන යුගයේ දී ය. 

මේ අතර වහල් මෙහෙය සඳහා ඉන්දියාවෙන් ඊජිප්තුවට ගෙන ගිය පිරිස්‌ මගින් මේ රෝගය ව්‍යාප්ත වූ බවට ද මතයක්‌ තිබේ. තව ද ඉන්දියාවේ සිට ආසියාවේ අනෙක්‌ ප්‍රදේශවලට ද රෝගය පැතිර තිබේ. වඩා ඈත කාලයේ දී චීනය, ජපානය වැනි ප්‍රදේශවලට ද වඩා මෑත කාලයේ දී පැසිෆික්‌ දූපත්වලට ද රෝගය ව්‍යාප්ත වී තිබේ.

ලාදුරු රෝගයේ ආරම්භය පිළිබඳ අනෙක්‌ මතය වන්නේ රෝගය නැගෙනහිර අප්‍රිකාවේ හෝ මෑත පෙරදිග ප්‍රදේශයේ හෝ ආරම්භ වූ බව ය. ඒ සඳහා අප ඉහත දී පෙන්වා දුන් ලාදුරු රෝගය ඇති කරන බැක්‌ටීරියාවේ ප්‍රවේනි ද්‍රව්‍ය ඇසුරින් සිදු කරන ලද ජාන විද්‍යාත්මක සාධක පදනම් වී ඇත. මේ මතය අනුව ලාදුරු රෝගයට බොහෝ ඈත අතීතයක්‌ තිබේ. අප්‍රිකාවෙන් පිටත ප්‍රදේශයට නූතන මානවයින් ව්‍යාප්ත වන විට මේ රෝගය ද ආසියාවට හා අනෙක්‌ ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත වූ බවක්‌ පෙන්වා දී ඇත. ඇමෙරිකානු මහාද්විපවලට හා බටහිර අප්‍රිකානු ප්‍රදේශවලට මේ රෝගය පැතිරෙන්නට ඇත්තේ යුරෝපීයයන් ගෙන් හෝ උතුරු අප්‍රිකානුවන් ගෙන් හෝ බව එහි දී පෙන්වා දී ඇත. එහෙත් මේ ජානමය අධ්‍යයනයේ දී බැක්‌ටීරියාව ලබාගැනීම සඳහා යොදාගත් ජන කණ්‌ඩායම්වල නියෑදියේ කුඩා බව හා මිශ්‍ර වී තිබීම වැනි කරුණු නිසා මේ පිළිබඳ කිසියම් සැක මතු කර තිබිණි. කෙසේ වෙතත් වැඩි කලක්‌ තිස්‌සේ පිළිගැනීමට ලක්‌ වූ ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රභවය පිළිබඳ මතය මේ වන විට කිසියම් අභියෝගයකට ලක්‌ ව ඇති බව පෙනේ
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වසර 4000ක්‌ පැරණි ලාදුරු වැළඳුණු මානව ශේෂ

ඉන්දියාවේ රාජස්‌ථාන් ප්‍රාන්තයේ උදයිපූර් ප්‍රදේශයට ආසන්නව පිහිටි බලතාල් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් මෑත දී හමු වූ ක්‍රිස්‌තු පූර්ව 2000 පමණ කාලයට අයත් මානවයකු ගේ ඇටසැකිල්ලකින් ලාදුරු රෝගය පිළිබඳ සාධක ලැබෙන බව මෑත දී හෙළි වී ඇත. එම පර්යේෂණ පත්‍රිකාව ඡඛදී ධභෑ සඟරාවේ පසුගිය දා පළ වී තිබිණී. 

මේ ප්‍රදේශයේ ජී¨වත් වූ ජන කාණ්‌ඩ දෙකක්‌ පිළිබඳව එහි සිදු කරන ලද කැණීම්වලින් අනාවරණය වී ඇත. එA අතරින් වඩා පැරණි ජන කණ්‌ඩායම ක්‍රි. පූ. 3700-1820 අතර කාලයේ දී වාසය කරන ලද පිරිසකි. මේ පර්යේෂණයට පාදක වූ ඇති ඇටසැකිල්ල හමු වී ඇත්තේ 1997 වර්ෂයේ දී පමණ ය. එය ක්‍රි. පූ. 2500ත් 2000ත් අතර කාලයක දී භූමදානය කරන ලද්දක්‌ බව විකිරණශීලී කාබන් කාල නිර්ණයෙන් සොයාගෙන තිබේ. 

මේ අස්‌ථි අවශේෂ අයත් වන්නේ වයස 37ක පමණ පිරිමියකුට බව අස්‌ථි විද්‍යාත්මකව නිගමනය කර තිබේ. ඔහුට ලාදුරු රෝගය වැළඳී තිබූ බවට සාධක හමු වී ඇත්තේ මේ ඇටසැකිල්ලේ හිස්‌කබල හා තවත් අස්‌ථිවලිනි. ලාදුරු රෝගය නිසා ඇති වන අස්‌ථි තුනී වී යැම හෙවත් ඛාදනයට ලක්‌ වීම මේ ඇටසැකිල්ලේ නාසය, කම්මුල් මෙන්ම පර්ශු, කශේරුකා හා පාද වැනි ස්‌ථාන ගණනාවක ම දැකිය හැකි විය. එසේ ම මෙවැනි තත්ත්වයකට හේතු විය හැකි වෙනත් රෝගයක්‌ මේ මිනිසාට නො තිබූ බව ද හෙළි වී ඇත. මේ අනුව මේ අස්‌ථි අයත් මිනිසා ලාදුරු රෝගය වැළඳුණුq අයකු බව උක්‌ත පර්යේෂණ පත්‍රිකාව නිගමනය කරයි. 

එසේ ම මේ අස්‌ථි ශේෂය අථර්වවේදයේ ලාදුරු පිළිබඳව සඳහන් ව ඇති පාඨවල සත්‍යතාව පෙන්වා දෙයි. මේ පාඨ අස්‌ථිවල ඇති වන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳව ද පෙන්වයි. මේ අනුව උක්‌ත පාඨ ලාදුරු රෝගය පිළිබඳව ද යන්න ගැන සැකයක්‌ විය. ඉන්දියාවේ ලාදුරු පිළිබඳව පැවති පැරණිතම ලිත සාධකය යූයේ ක්‍රි. පූ. 6 සියවසේ පමණ ලියෑවුණුq සුශ්‍රැත සංහිතාව ය. දැන් අථර්වවේදයේ ඇති සඳහන විශ්වසනීය නිසා මේ කාලය ක්‍රි. පූ. දෙවන සහස්‍රකය දක්‌වා අතීතයට ගෙන යා හැකි ය. 

මේ අස්‌ථි මෙතෙක්‌ ඉන්දියාවෙන් සොයාගන්නා ලද පැරණිතම ලාදුරු ලක්‌ෂණ සහිත ඇටසැකිල්ල වේ. ඉන් කියෑවෙන්නේ ක්‍රි. පූ. 2000 පමණ කාලයේ දී ද ඉන්දියාවේ ලාදුරු රෝගය පැවති බව ය. මේ ඇටසැකිල්ල අයත් යුගය වන විට ඉන්දියාවේ මේ ප්‍රදේශවල නාගරිකරණය හා වෙළෙඳාම පුළුල්ව පැවතියේ ය. මෙසපොතේමියාව හා ඊජිප්තුව වැනි ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ පුළුල් සම්බන්ධතා මේ අවධියේ දී පැවතිණි. අධික ජනගහනයක්‌ සහිත විම හා නාගරීකරණය මේ රෝගය ව්‍යාප්ත වීමට උපකාරී වූ බව සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පිළිගැනේ. ලාදුරු රෝගය අප්‍රිකානු ප්‍රභවයක්‌ සහිත වූයේ නම් ඉන්දියාවට ව්‍යාප්ත වීමට මේ සම්බන්ධතා උපකාරී වන්නට හැකි ය. එසේ නම් රෝගය ඉන්දියාවට පැමීණ ඇත්තේ කලින් විශ්වාස කළ ආකාරයට ඈත අතීතයේ දී නො ව ඇතැම් විට වඩා මෑත කාලයක දී විය හැකි ය. කෙසේ වෙතත් ලාදුරු රෝගය ඉන්දියාවට පැමිණි දිනය නිශ්චිතව පැවසීම සඳහා තවදුරටත් DභA ආශ්‍රිත පර්යේෂණ හා පුරාව්‍යාධිවේදය පිළිබඳ තවත් පර්යේෂණ අවශ්‍ය බව නම් පැහැදිලි ය. 

ලෝක ඉතිහාසය පුරා සිදු වූ මානව සංක්‍රමණ නිසා මෙවැනි රෝග ව්‍යාප්ත වන ආකාරය පිළිබඳව මේ අධ්‍යයනයෙන් සාධක ලබා දේ. එය මානව සංක්‍රමණ හා එA ආශ්‍රිතව පැනනඟින සෞඛ්‍ය ගැටලූ සම්බන්ධව වැදගත් වේ. නූතන යුගයේ ඇති ගමනාගමන පහසුකම් නිසා ඉන්ෆ්ලූවෙන්සා වැනි රෝග ව්‍යාප්ත වන ආකාරය අපි මේ වන විට අත්දකිමින් සිටිමු. එහෙත් එතරම් ශීSඝ්‍ර සම්බන්ධතා නො තිබුණ ද අතීතයේ දී ද රෝග ව්‍යාප්තිය සඳහා ජන සංක්‍රමණ හා ආගමන විගමන සම්බන්ධතා ඉවහල් වූ ආකාරය මේ සිදුවීමෙන් පෙනේ. 


ධනේෂ් විසුම්පෙරුම
ඡායාරූපය - ඡඛදී ධභෑ සඟරාව
(වෙළුම 4 - අංක 5, 2009 මැයි)



mahamolakaraya.blogspot.com

Wednesday, August 10, 2011

Polonnaruwa - පොලොන්නරුව

 Polonnaruwa
INTRODUCTION
Polonnaruwa is a city in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The second most ancient of Sri Lanka's kingdoms, Polonnaruwa was first declared the capital city by King Vijayabahu I in the 11th century AD and maintained its status until the 13th century. In 1982 the ancient city of Polonnaruwa was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The history of Polonnaruwa is available at this linkwww.info.lk/srilanka/srilankahistory/polonnaruwa.htm




What's nice about Polonnaruwa is that the ruins are in one compact area so you can visit them quite easily. Just one three wheeler ride from where you're staying to the entrance and you can walk about them all day long.
HISTORY
While Vijayabahu victory and shifting of Kingdoms to the more strategic Polonnaruwa is considered significant, the real Polonnaruwa Hero of the history books is actually his grandson, Parakramabahu I. It was his reign that is considered the Golden Age of Polonnaruwa, when trade and agriculture flourished under the patronage of the King, who was adamant that no drop of water falling from the heavens was to be wasted, and each be used toward the development of the land; hence, irrigation systems far superior to those of the Anuradhapura Age were constructed during Parakramabahu's reign, systems which to this day supply the water necessary for paddy cultivation during the scorching dry season in the east of the country. The greatest of these systems, of course is the Parakrama Samudraya or the Sea of Parakrama, a tank so vast that it is often mistaken for the ocean. It is of such a width that it is impossible to stand upon one shore and view the other side, and it encircles the main city like a ribbon, being both a defensive border against intruders and the lifeline of the people in times of peace. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa was completely self-sufficient during King Parakramabahu's reign.




However, with the exception of his immediate successor, Nissankamalla I, all other monarchs of Polonnaruwa, were slightly weak-willed and rather prone to picking fights within their own court. They also went on to form more intimiate matrimonial alliances with stronger South Indian Kingdoms, until these matrimonial links superseded the local royal lineage and gave rise to the Kalinga invasion by King Kalinga Magha in 1214 and the eventual passing of power into the hands of a Pandyan King following the Arya Chakrawarthi invasion of Sri Lanka in 1284. The capital was then shifted to Dambadeniya.
The city Polonnaruwa was also called as Jananathamangalam during the short Chola reign.

PLACES CAN OBSERVE
Atadage
This is the house of the tooth relic of Lord Buddha built by King Vijayabahu I (1070-1110). This building is built on 54 stone pillars. The tooth relic has been kept on the second floor probably mage out of wood. The access to the second floor is through a granite stair case. Few steps still remain of this staircase which led to the upper chamber of the building. There has been three Buddha statues at the bottom and only the center one remain today. Also this is thought to be the only surviving building of the king Vijayabahu I.





"Ata” in Atadage means eight. In this case this building would have been called by this name probably because of it housed eight relics including the main tooth relic or because it was completed in eight days. It is possible that this was built in eight days as there are indications that this building has used parts of other buildings in Anuradhapura era. The moonstone is a good example. This has been brought from Anuradhapura to be placed here.
The "Velikkara" inscription stone on the left to this building is of significance. This is written in Tamil language and explains that the protection of the tooth relic was done by a hired Tamil army and not by the Sinhalese.
Today what remains here is the foundation and the stone pillars.
Galpota
This is one of the famous works of King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196) which describes himself, his rule and the eligibility for being a king of Sri Lanka. This massive slab which is 26’10” feet (8.2 meters) long and 4’7” feet (1.4 meters) in breath has been brought form Mahiyangana area by the worriers of King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196). The text is written in 3 columns and contain over 4300 characters in 72 lines.
There are sighs that liquidified metal has been pored on to the carved characters to bring out the letters much clearer. 
Hetadage
According to the writings on a stone slab next to this building, this building has been built by King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196) to house the tooth relic of Buddha. But it is unclear whether this was built by king Parakramabahu (1153-1186) and was renovated by Nissanka Malla (1187-1196) or whether Nissanka Malla (1187-1196) himself built it. Reason for this doubt is the description of a large relic house built by Parakramabahu (1153-1186) in the chronicles and inability to find this in the Polonnaruwa area. Also King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196) is well known for taking the credit for things others have done by just doing renovation work.




This building is much larger than the Atadage and is surrounded by solid stone walls. In design it is similar to Atadage with two floors. Stone steps to the upper floor are still in place. The upper floor has been probably made out of wood and the tooth relic would have been housed here. On the ground floor remains of three standing Buddha statues can be seen.
“Heta” means sixty and because of this, it can be thought this building was called by this name because it was completed in sixty days or it housed sixty relics with tooth relic of Buddha.
Another important factor of this building is the Sandakada pahana (the moon stone) at the entrance. This is a rare instance of a lion appearing on the moon stone. Generally the lion and the bull is not seen in the moonstones in the Polonnaruwa Era.
King Parakramabahu’s Council Chamber
An inscription found on the stone slab at the upper level of the flight of steps of the building identifies the building as raja vaishyabhujanga mandapa, the council chamber of king parakramabahu the great (1153-1186). it has tree consecutive tiers faced with decorated stone tablets.The roof supported on stone pillars of the upper most tier probably had wooden members and covered with clay titles. the investigations have revealed that the present form of the building may have been a resullt of a renovation, probably during the Damabadeniya period (13th centuary).






King Parakramabahu’s council chamber is like the assembly hall of gods, called Sudamma which belongs to god Sakra. This must have been used as the formal centre of legislation and government, discussion centre of business community and as the pavilion of play performances. This is a three tarraced building with the length of 75 feet and the breadth of 33 ½ feet. At the entrance and in the middle of the steps, moonstones are to be seen. The retied servants of this site say that the moonstones in the middle was fixed here after it had been removed from the council chamber of king Nissankamalla by Bell during his period of restoration. This could be true because the lion figure are not to be seen on king Parakramabahu’s moonstones. A doormat like rectangular stone on which the name of the existed building was mentioned, has been placed at the entrance to the pavilion.
The friezes of lions and elephants running round the base of the pavilion is much more interesting. The form of no two of these majestic beasts is the same. They are of various moods and movements. The building is supported by the powerful bas-relief warfare around the base. Each one is completely different from the other. The wooden roof is supported by beautifully carved, four rows of stone pillars. There would have a water moat right around this creation.
King Parakramabahu’s Palace
This is a 12th century majestic palace build by king Parakramabahu with seven stories and said to have 1000 chambers. Although the main building possibly couldn’t hold such a number of chambers, when you consider the whole palace complex it is thought that this number is a possibility. 
Parakrama samudraya
The vast water reservoir was built by King Parakramabahu (1153-1186) and today what you see as the Parakrama Samudraya is only a portion of his original creation.
Parakrama Samudraya originally consisted of five large reservoirs separated by smaller dams to reduce the pressure on the main dam. Many smaller tanks has been built around the main tank to feed these primary tanks and to take excess water.
The main five reservoirs which consist of the Parakrama Samudraya are
  1.      Thopa Vawa
  2.     Eramudu Vewa (Katu Vewa)
  3.    Dumbuthulu Vewa
  4.     Kalahagala Vewa
  5.      Bhu Vewa






During reconstruction of the Parakrama Samudraya, the water which was supposed to come to the Thopa Vawa has started flowing to the Bhu Vewa. Then the engineers constructed a temporary dam to block the water flowing to the Bhu Vewa. This temporary wall then became a permanent road and this road isolated Kalahagala Vewa and Bhu Vewa from the Parakrama Samudraya. The new reconstruction process has ignored most of the ancient technology which this tank was built in reducing the capacity of the tank further.
As at today, the dam of Parakrama Samudraya is 8 ½ miles (14 kilometres) in length and 40 feet (12.2 metres) in height. The body of water covers 5350 acres with an average depth of 25 feet. Over 18000 acres of paddy land is supported by this reservoir.
On one edge of the reservoir is the Polonnaruwa rest house managed by Hotels Corporation. Along the dam there are few star class hotels closer to the Pothgul Vehera (Pothgul Temple).
After travelling to the very end of the dam (all 8 ½ miles) and further along the canal which feed the Parakrama Samudraya you come to place called “Angammadilla”. This is the place where the Amban ganga (river) is diverted towards the Parakrama Samudraya. After walking about 500 metres in to the jungle you can come to a still unspoilt camping/bathing site. Due to the distance from the main city this location is still untouched and is great place to spend the day. This area is elephant country and you can see the dung of wild elephants as you walk along the path to the river. A little scary if you try it when it is dark.
Shiva Devale
The South Indian invasion of Polonnaruwa during the 10th century resulted in some Hindu ruins. There are a total of 14 Hindu shrines in ancient Polonnaruwa today, of which the Shiva Devale is one of the best restored. The Shiva Devale was built by the Chola rulers of Polonnaruwa, and contains the male lingam and female yoni, Hindu icons representative of the male and female reproductive organs.
The temple bears sign that it has been restored by anastylosis, a method of restoration which was also employed in Angkor and Borobudur, in which the stones are carefully dismantled, and then reassembled. Missing pieces are replaced with similar stones only for the purpose of maintaining the structure from falling apart.
Thuparama Image House
This image house is one of the few buildings where you can see a roof completely made out of bricks. Almost the whole building as survived over 900 years miraculously. The roof is a semi-cylindrical in shape. The original name of this image house is not known; therefore the builder of this is also unknown. It is thought that this was built by a minister of King Parakramabahu (1153-1186) called Mahinda to house the tooth relic. Another belief is that this was built by king Vijayabahu I (1070-1110).
The walls of this building are about 7 feet (2 meters) thick and inside a large seating Buddha statue has been kept. Nothings remain of this statue today. It is said that the eyes of this Buddha statue was embedded with precious stones and the windows were designed in such a manner the sunlight would reflect on these stones and light the image house.
Vatadage Circular Relic House






The centerpiece of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa, the Dalada Maluwa (the hall of the Tooth Relic), was a sacred precinct containing 12 magnificent buildings. Although there are numerous vatadage across Sri Lanka, the Vatadage at Polonnaruwa is the most famous. As with many other vatadage, it had a stupa in the centre with four Buddha images facing the cardinal directions.
The Vatadage, one of the oldest & most beautiful monuments in Polonnaruwa, is to our left as we enter the Dalada Maluwa. In spite of its modest proportions, the circular building with concentric terraces is a superbly planned & executed 12th century masterpiece. It was certainly intended to house the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha, which is now deposited at The Sacred Temple of Tooth in Kandy. Built by King Parakramabahu the great (1164-1196AD), it was later embellished by King Nissankamalla (1198-1206).
Outer structure, the first terrace
The entire outer structure with a diameter of 18m is a gorgeous riot of artistry, with almost every surface carved in a melee of decoration. The outer wall is decorated with friezes of lions & dwarfs, & topped by an abstract lotus design.
Upper structure, the second terrace
Four entrances to the upper terrace are adorned with magnificent stone carvings: moonstones flanked by nagaraja (Cobra king) figures with seven hooded cobra head guard stones.
While the Nagaraja figures were believed to prevent evil spirits entering the premises, the moonstones- elaborate semi-circular welcome step stones carved in polished granite- represent the spiritual journey from samsara, the endless cycle of death & rebirth, to Nirvana, the ultimate escape from suffering. These were unique decorative features of Sinhalese architecture. The moonstone at the northern entrance is the finest in Polonnaruwa.
Central dagoba (stupa)
From the upper terrace, steps lead through four entrances, aligned in the cardinal directions & each presided over by a seated Buddha. In the center are the ruins of the small central brick stupa in which the Tooth Relic was enshrined during the glorious days of ancient capital, Polonnaruwa. In sharp contrast to the building, this innermost sanctum, the reason for the very existence of Vatadage itself, is virtually unadorned.
Lost to the Dravidian invaders
The building has lost the conical roof of three concentric circles, most of the dagoba (stupa) and one of its guard stones at the base of the steps among many other features & surrounding buildings to the marauding Dravidian invaders from South India.
Nissanka Latha Mandapaya






Nissanka Latha Mandapaya (Sinhala: නිස්සංකලතා මණ්ඩපය) is a unique structure in the ancient city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka. Built by King Nissanka Malla (1187 &nbsp 1196) and named after him, it is located near the western entrance of the Dalada Maluva, the area that contains the oldest and most sacred monuments in the city. A nearby stone inscription identifies this as the building used by Nissanka Malla to listen to pirith (chanting of Buddhist scriptures).



The structure is an elevated stone platform with a number of stone columns and surrounded by a low stone wall. These stone columns are the unique feature about the Nissanka Latha Manadapaya, since they are carved in a manner that is found nowhere else in the country. The eight granite columns are arranged in two rows, with four in each row. Presumably used to support a roof, each of them is approximately 8 feet 4 inches (2.54 m) in height. In each of these columns, the crown is carved in the shape of a blossoming lotus bud. The rest of the column is elaborately carved to resemble the stem of the flower. Unlike stone columns commonly seen in the architecture of this period, these are not straight, but are curved in three places. According to archaeologist Senarath Paranavithana, the stone columns at the Nissanka Latha Mandapaya are the best examples of this feature of ancient Sri Lankan architecture.
At the center of the platform, flanked by the stone columns, is a small stupa. This is also made from stone, but the top part of it has been destroyed. Its base is decorated with a carved design. The platform is surrounded by a stone railing, and the structure is entered through a single stone doorway. In contrast to the elaborately carved stone pillars, these have an undecorated and plain finish.
Sathmahal Prasadaya






This is a seven storeyed  edifice. A flight of steps leading to the upper terrace could be seem. This is an unusual building. Prof. Paranavithana  says that the Sathmahal Prasada has its counterpart in a stupa in northern Siam at San Maha Phon in Vat Kukut. In this building Cambodian Architectural features also can be seen. Prof. H.T. Basnayake is uncertain and undecided whether  Sathmahal Prasada had been built for the purpose of religious activities of Combodian soldier’s who were in the army of the Polonnaruwa period.
Rankoth Viharaya
Rankoth Vehera is a stupa located in the ancient city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka. The stupa was built by Nissanka Malla, who ruled the country from 1187 to 1196. The Rankoth Vehera has been built according to the tradition of the stupas of Mahavihara of the Anuradhapura period, and bears a close resemblance to the Ruwanweli Seya stupa. In fact, a stone inscription situated close to the stupa even identifies it by the name "Ruwanweli". However, it has later come to be known by the currently used name, Rankoth Vehera. In Sinhalese, ran means gold, kotha is the name given to the pinnacle of a stupa, and vehera means stupa or temple. Thus, the name Rankoth Vehera can be roughly translated to English as "Gold Pinnacled Stupa". Along with the Kiri Vehera, it is one of the most revered stupas in Polonnaruwa.
Rankoth Vehera is structure made entirely of brick, and has a base diameter of 550 feet (170 m) and a height of 108 feet (33 m). However, the original shape of the stupa, particularly its upper portion, has been changed during renovation work carried out by later rulers and it is estimated that the original height of Rankoth Vehera may have been almost 200 feet (61 m). Despite this, it remains the largest stupa in the ancient city of Polonnaruwa, and the fourth largest stupa in the country. The stupa has four large Vahalkadas, a structure used for offering flowers and also to support the weight of a stupa. These are also made of brick. The stupa is located in the center of a large square terrace, which is also surrounded by a brick wall. The terrace has four entrances oriented to the four cardinal points, with sand paths leading to them. A stone inscription near one of the entrances mention that King Nissanka Malla observed and supervised the construction of the stupa from there. It is also mentioned that he worshiped the stupa from a small platform, which is located in a corner of the terrace.

Gal Viharaya
This magnificent group of staues was built by king Parakramabahu (1153-1186) and was a part of the Uthararama.
The first statue you will come across is a seated Buddha in meditation. He is seated on a lotus. The rock behind the statue is decorated with carvings of "vimana". Four smaller Buddha statues can be seen on these decorations.
Next is a smaller statue of Buddha (about 15 feet high) carved in to the rock. On the sides of the statue are two deities. It is believed this carving represent the Buddhas visit to heaven called “Thusitha” to preach to his mother.
It is said that this statue was painted with pure gold and treasure hunters have burnt logs on the statue and melted the gold.





Third is a standing statue of Buddha. This has been disputed by some and think this is the statue of Ananda thero at the site of lord Buddha’s passing away. This 23 feet tall statue is thought to be done by a later king as the chronicles talk about only two statues in the seating position and one statue on the lying position which was done by King Parakramabahu (1153-1186).
Next and the last is a massive statue of Buddha passing way. This is 80 feet long. The ear lid falling along the body, One foot slightly behind the other (The toes are not positioned equally on the feet) are sighs that this is not Lord Buddha resting but at his death.


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