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y}`r\}v`qW rWwQy ynR a#wQ s#tQ a#wQ s#tQ@yn~ kQyn~n y#yQ srl v kQv h#kQ y. e@hw~ @mhQ qW a#w~w ynR kOmk~ q yn pYX~nyt ek m nQX~cQw pQLQwOrk~ s`hQw&@yhQ wb` kQsQ m vQq&`vk vw~ q#kQy @n`h#kQ y. eyt @h~wOv y}`r\}y ynR kOmk~ q#yQ pYv`qykQn~ @w`r v pYk`X kQrWmt a#wQ @n`h#kQy`v y. e~ e~ pYv`qy anRv y}`r\}y yn~n q @vns~ @vyQ!. evQt y}`r\}yk~ a#w~@w~ @k`@h~ q, y}`r\}y h#[Qngn~@n~ @k@s~ q a`qW pYX~nvlt pQLQwOrk~ qQy @n`h#kQ y.
s`hQw&@y~ y}`r\}v`qW rWwQyk~ g#n @mn~ m sm`j sw~w` y}`r\}yk~ g#n q kQy#@vyQ. y}`r\}v`qW rQwQyt amwr v sm`j sw~w` y}`r\}yk~ kOmkt q? @m| @q@kn~ vd` y}`r\}v`qW kOmk~ q? @qk m y}`r\}v`qW q? n#w~nm| ekk~ pmNk~ y}`r\}v`qW q? e@s~w~ n#w @h`w~ ekk~ vw~ y}`r\}v`qW @n` @v| q? s`hQw&kr#vn~ @mv#nQ pYX~n s`kc|C` kr a#w~ q#yQ @n` qnQmQ.
ihw s[hn~ y}`r\} @qk pQtRps a#w~@w~ @q~Xp`lny y. y}`r\}v`qW rWwQy bthQr {npwQ kYmy wOL p#nn#MO@N~ @vyQ. ey bthQr vQq&`v anRv ymQn~ bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRnw~vy mw pqnm| @vyQ. ehQ qW y}`r\}y h[En`gn~@n~ bthQr kQYs~wQy`nQ nRwnw~v@yhQ nQr\m`Ny vW a#wQ pYv`q pqnm| krgnQmQnQ. e@hw~ pYX~nyk~ @vyQ. bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`v vQsQn~ s[hn~ @k@rn InQy` y}`r\}y @h`~ jWv vQq&`v vQsQn~ iqQrQpw~ @k@rn InQy` y}`r\}y @h`~ s`hQw&@yhQ qW @y`q` g#@nn~@n~ @k@s~ q?
bthQr s`hQw&@yhQ a#w~@w~ InQy` sm`j y}`r\}ykQ. e~ InQy` sm`j y}`r\}y kQy#@vn~@n~ bthQr sm`jWy vQq&`@vhQ (Sociology)- y. @myQn~ kQy#@vn~@n~ s`hQw&kr#vn~ pLmR@vn~ bthQr sm`j vQq&`v h#q#rQy yRwO y yn~n @n` @vyQ. bthQr sm`j vQq&`v @n` h#q#r#v q ehQ ig#n~@vn, enm| in~ vQs~wr @k@rn sm`j y}`r\}y @k@s~ @h`~ s`hQw&kr#v`t k`n~qE vn bv @myQn~ qL vX@yn~ h#[Qn~@vyQ.
a@nk~ awt m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~@gn~ a#sRv @h`w~ ovRn~ kQynR a#w~@w~ y}`r\}y a#w~@w~ m`k~s~ @lnQn~ @tY`tQs~kQ a`qQn~@g~ k^wQvl bv y. e~ y}`r\}y h` bthQr sm`j vQq&`@vn~ pYk`X vn y}`r\}y ekk~ m q? (m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~ vQX~v`s @n` kL q, @lnQn~@g~ pYv`q m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`q@yn~ @vns~ @vyQ. v#dQ vQs~wr s[h` m`k~s~v`q@y~ qrQqYw`vy kQyvn~n.) bthQr sm`j y}`r\}y anRv sm`jv`qW @h`~ @k`mQyRnQs~tQ @h`~ sm`jyk~ bQhQ vQy @n`h#kQ y. e@hw~ m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`q@yhQ sm`jv`qyk~ bQhQ vWm anQv`r\y @vyQ. e@s~ vRvw~ e~ sm`jv`qy bQhQ kr g#nWm s[h` wQbQy yRwO InQy` km|kr# pAwQ n`ykw~vy a#wQ kr gn~@n~ @k@s~ q yn~n ehQ qW pYX~nyk~ @vyQ.
sm`j sw~w` y}`r\}y @lnQn~ - s~t#lQn~v`qWn~@g~ y}`r\}v`qy mw pqnm| @vyQ. @m| y}`r\}yt anRv wnQ rtk sm`jv`qyk~ a#wQ vQy h#kQ y. epmNk~ @n` v q#nt tQk klkt @pr @s`~vQytQ r#sQy`v kd` v#tWmt @pr ehQ h` a#w#m| n#@gnhQr yR@r`~pWy rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qW rtvl~ vQy. e@mn~ m @qv#nQ @l`~k yRq~{y nmQn~ h#[Qn~@vn yRq~{yt @pr @s`~vQytQ r#sQy`v nm| r@thQ pmNk~ vRv q @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&yk~ wQbQNQ.
e@hw~ m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~t anRv e@ls qQgQn~ qQgt bthQr yR@r`~p@y~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& a#wQ @n` vW @k`mQyRnQs~tQ @h`~ sm`jv`qW @h`~ rtvl~ p#vwQy @n`h#kQ y. eb#vQn~ bthQr yR@r`~p@y~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& bQhQ kQrWm sm`jv`qWn~@g~ v#qgw~ k`r\yx`ryk~ @vyQ. ev#nQ sm`j bQhQ vWm iwQh`s@y~ vQk`Xyt anRv anQv`r\y@yn~ m sQqE vQy yRwO y#yQ mRl~ m`k~s~v`q@yn~ kQy#@vyQ. e@hw~ e@s~ bQhQ vn~@n~ InQy` km|kr# pAwQ n`ykw~vykQn~ bv q pYk`X @vyQ. km|kr# pAwQy InQy` vQp~lvy s`k;`w~ krgn~@n~ km|kr# pn~wQ pk;y os~@s~ bv q in~ gm& @vyQ.
@m| km|kr# pn~wQ pk;y @g`dnM` gn~@n~ @k@s~ q yn pYX~ny vQvQ{`k`r m`k~s~v`qW pk;vl qQgQn~ qQgt s`kc|C` vW a#w. e@mn~ m sm`jv`qW vQp~lvy sm`j vQk`Xyt anRv anQv`r\y vWm pQLQb[ pYX~ny q @b`@h`~ @qn`@g~ av{`nyt @y`mR vW a#w. aq pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qWn~ ynR@vn~ h#[Qn~@vn~nn~ (@mrt sQtQn anRk`rkyn~ @n` @vyQ. anRk`rkyn~t kL h#k~@k~ bthQr pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qWn~@g~ mw sQAh@ln~ kWm h` lQvWm pmNkQ.) awr s`kc|C` vn pY{`n pYX~n @m| vQp~lv@y~ anQv`r\yx`vy vt` @gwW a#w. anRk`rkyn~ pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qy yn~n @mrtt h[En~v` @qnR l#bWmt pY}m @m| a#w#m| pYX~n m`k~s~v`q@y~ qrQqYw`vy k^wQ@yhQ s`kc|C` @krW a#w.
e~ @k@s~ @vww~ aq vn vQt @s`~vQytQ @q~Xy vw~, n#@gnhQr yR@r`~p@y~ a@nk~ @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& vw~ a`sQy`@v| cWn @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&y vw~ qk~nt n#w. @lnQn~ - s~t#lQn~v`qyt wnQ rtk wb` n#@gnhQr yR@r`~p@y~ vw~ a`sQy`@v| a#w#m| rtvl vw~ sm`jv`qyk~ @g`dnM` g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vW a#w. aq y`m|wmQn~ iwQrQ vW wQ@bn InQy` @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&y kQyRb`v y. e@hw~ ks~@wY`~ mhw`@g~ mrN@yn~ tQk klkt psRv kQyRb`@v| @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j&y q ax`vpY`p~w vWmt nQymQw v a#w. @lnQn~, s~t#lQn~, m` o|, tQ@t`~ @h`~ cW mQA, ks~@wY`~ a`qW pRq~glyn~ mw @g`dn#MW ax`vyt gQy h` yn r`j&vl pRq~gl s`{ky pQLQb[ g#BRr# a{&ynyk~ pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`qWn~ (@mrt anRk`rkyn~ @n` v) vQsQn~ @h`~ @krW a#w# yQ @n` sQwmQ.kQyRb`v h#@rn~nt @l`~k@y~ bQhQ vR a@nk~ @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& ax`vyt y$@mn~ kQy#@vn~@n~ m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qy nQv#rqQ bv q? bthQr yR@r`~p@y~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ r`j& bQhQ @n` vW @vnw~ kQsQ m rtk @h`~ rtvl~ kQhQpyk @h`~ sm`jv`qW r`j& bQhQ vQy @n`h#kQ q? e@hw~ eyt vd` v#qgw~ pYX~nyk~ @vyQ. @ewQh`sQk @x_wQkv`q@yhQ (Historical Mterialism)- pYv`qvlt anRv bthQr yR@r`~p@yhQ km|kr# pAwQ vQp~lvy anQv`r\y vRvw~ e~ @n` sQqEvn~@n~ a#yQ? iw` m sRpQrQ gN@y~ @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~t vRv q @m`n wrm| vlQk$vw~ aq bthQr yR@r`~p@yhQ sm`jv`qW r`j&yk~ @n` v @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qW r`j&yk~ vw~ bQhQ krgw @n`h#kQ y.
bthQr vQq&`@v| sm|pYq`y anRv nm| vQvQ{ m`k~s~v`qW gOr#kOl vQsQn~ bQhQ @krW a#wQ pYv`q aq vn vQt iwQh`s@y~ kONR kSdy hQmQ krgw yRwO v a#w. e@hw~ mL mQnQyk~ @b@hw~ gl~v` wb` g#nWmt krn v$ymk~ m`k~s~v`qy sm|bn~{@yn~ gw~ kl aq InQy` pX~c`w~ m`k~s~v`q@yhQ qk~nt a#w. m`k~s~v`qW gOr#kOl @kwrm| vQq&`vk~ g#n kw` kL q, bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`v anRkrNy kQrWmt w#w~ kL q, e~ gOr#kOlv`qWn~t bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`v kQYy`w~mk vn a`k`ry pQLQb[ kQsQ m av@b`~{yk~ n#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ y.
y}`r\}y ynR@vn~ a@pn~ @w`r v, enm| a@p~ mnsQn~ @w`r v pvw~n` @qyk~ n#w yn~n @m| InQy` y}`r\}v`qvlQn~ q p#h#qQlQ @vyQ. e~ e~ ay@g~ y}`r\}y e~ e~ ay vQsQn~ wmn~ vQX~v`s krn pYv`q mw @g`dn#@MyQ. bthQr s`hQw&@yhQ s`m`n&@yn~ kQy#@vn y}`r\}v`q@yhQ sm`jv`qyk~ bQhQ vWmk~ g#n s[hn~ @n @vyQ. sm`jv`qyk iMQyk~ pv` e~ InQy` y}`r\}@vhQ wQbQy @n`h#kQ y. fRkOy`m` mhw` v#nQ bthQr {nv`qW lQbrl~v`qQykOt anRv sm`j vQk`X@yhQ agY Ply bthQr lQbrl~v`qW sm`j @vyQ. ohRt anRv bthQr lQbrl~v`qW r`j&@yn~ ob|bt sm`jy wvqErtw~ vQk`Xy @n` @vyQ. fRkOy`m` mhw`t anRv q#n~ iwQh`sy avsn~ y. ohRt anRv ap sm`j vQk`X@yhQ avs`n aqQyr s`k;`w~ kr@gn avsn~ y.
m`r\tQn~ vQkYmsQAh mhw` ayw~ vR@y~ kQnm| gOr#kOlykt q? e~ mhw` s`hQw&kr#vkO @ls y}`r\}yv`qQykO vW q? e@s~w~ n#wQnm| sm`j sw~w` y}`r\}v`qQykO vW q? @mhQ qW ap mwk wb`gw yRwO kr#Nk~ @vyQ. mh`c`r\y eqQrQvWr src|cn~qY mhw` bthQr s`hQw& vQc`ry InQy` sQAhl p`Tky`t h[En~v` qW@m| qW (@m| sQAhl p`Tky`t e~ e~ gOr#kOl h` pYv`q h[En`g#nWm h#@rn~nt @vn v#dk~ n#w.) y}`r\}v`qyk~ g#n @n` kW@v| y. ohR s[hn~ @k@L~ w`w~vQkv`qyk~ g#n y. psR k@lk y}`r\}v`qWn~@gn~, vQ@X~;@yn~ m m`k~s~ - @tY`tQs~kQv`qW y}`r\}v`qWn~@gn~ e~ mhw` b#t k$@v| ovRn~t anRv w`w~vQkv`qy y}`r\}v`qyk~ @n` vRNR b#vQn~ y.
w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ pYX~ny b#lE b#l~mt pYv`qyk~ @n`m#wQ vWm y. m`k~s~ @tY`tQs~kQv`qWn~@g~ y}`r\}y pYv`q mw pqnm| @vyQ. e@hw~ w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ b#lE b#l~mt pYv`q n#w. ehQ qW @l`~ky s#b$ a`k`r@yn~ vQs~wr @k@ryQ. @mhQ qW sQqEvn~@n~ in~qYQy @g`~cr a`k`r@yn~ @l`~ky vQs~wr kQrWm y. crQwvlt aq~xSwv`qW lk;N a`@r`~pNy @n` kr @k@rn vQs~wryk~ g#n w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ kQy#@vyQ. p#h#qQlQ kQrWm s[h` iw` srl uq`hrNyk~ @ls gw @h`w~ apt nvkw`vk @h`~ @ktQkw`vk @h`~ pQy`Bn @h`~ ahsQn~ yn @h`~ mQnQsRn~ q#kgw @n`h#kQ y.
e@hw~ @my pYv`qykQn~ @w`r vRvk~ @n` @vyQ. ahsQn~ yn mQnQsRn~ bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`@vn~ @mn~ m ~bthQr jWv vQq&`@vn~ q pYwQ@k;p @vyQ. e@hw~ a`gm|vl ev#n~nn~ mRUmnQn~ m pYwQ@k;p @n` @vyQ. aq~xSwv`qW rWwQyk @g`dn#gONR kw`vk ahsQn~ yn mQnQsRn~ sQtQy h#kQ y. e@hw~ e~ bthQr vQq&`vn~ smg ekM @n` @vyQ. j`wk kw`vl kw` krn sw~wO @vwQ. ehQ e~ e~ vr\g@y~ swOn~ awr pmNk~ @n` v vQvQ{ vr\gvl swOn~ awr q kw`bh sQqE @vyQ. bk j`wk@yhQ @k`k` m`Un~ smg kw` kryQ. @m| kw` kQrWm vw~mn~ bthQr jWv vQq&`v smg ekM @n` @vyQ.
w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ q e@ls ekQ@nk` smg sn~nQ@v|qny krgn~n` sw~wO @n` @vwQ. eyt @h~wOv ap qn~n` bthQr jWv vQq&`@v| pYv`qvlQn~ e~ pYwQ@k;~p vWm y. eb#vQn~ w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ pYv`q n#w# yQ kQv @n`h#kQ y. mt @w~@rn ayRrQn~ w`w~vQkv`qy InQy` y}`r\}v`qvlQn~ (y}`r\}v`q r`XQyk~ a#wQ bv p#h#qQlQ vQy yRwO y. e@hw~ y}`r\}yk~ ynR@vn~ @qyk~ a#w~nm| wQbQy h#k~@k~ ek~ y}`r\}yk~ pmNkQ!.) @vn~vn~@n~ @m`nym| @h`~ pYv`q n#wQkmQn~ @h`~ @vnw~ ev#nQ @h~wOvkQn~ @h`~ @n` @v|. w`w~vQkv`q@yhQ vQyRk~w pYv`q @n`m#wQ vW@mn~ e~ InQy` y}`r\}v`qvlQn~ @vns~ vn~@n~ y#yQ sQwmQ. @vns sAyRk~wy h` vQyRk~wy awr y.mh`c`r~y nlQn~ q sQl~v`


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